英国代写论文归档 - 第76页共100页 - 高阶英国论文代写网

在Fama的研究出现之后，全球各地的研究人员开始调查各个股票市场的股票市场的随机性，以找出国家(Abbas, 2014)的效率形式。然而，大多数研究人员关注的是发达国家和新兴国家，因为中东的股票市场没有受到关注，在研究中受到的关注较少。文献已经证实，对大马士革证券交易所(DSE)的随机性的审查比较少。新兴的股票市场价格波动很大，DSE也很年轻，并且对交易的看法(Abbas, 2014)。因此，对叙利亚股票市场中随机游走的特征进行调查，为对市场效率的实证研究和对中东地区的随机漫步行为做出贡献成为必要。

研究人员使用各种技术来检测线性和非线性依赖(Abbas, 2014)。在异方差和同方差的分布假设中，进行了方差和相关比的估计，并进行了非参数性检验，并利用BDs检验进行了序列相关性的评价。

After the emergence of the Fama’s research, various researchers across the globe started to investigate the stock market randomness across various stock markets to find out the form of efficiency present in the nations (Abbas, 2014). However, majority of the researchers focused on the developed and emerging nations due to which the stock markets of Middle East was left out of the focus and gained less attention within the studies. The literature has established that the examination of the randomness of the Damascus securities exchange (DSE) was less. There is high price volatility in the nascent stock markets and the DSE is both young and think on trading (Abbas, 2014). Therefore, it becomes essential for the investigation of the characteristics of random walk within the equity market of Syria for making contribution to the empirical literature on the market efficiency and random walk behaviour with emphasis on the Middle East region.

The researcher used varied techniques for the detection of both linear and non-linear dependency (Abbas, 2014). The parametric evaluation was performed in which the variance and correlation ratio rests were undertaken for the random walks within the distributional assumptions of the heteroscedasticity and homoscedasticity along with the tests of non-parametric nature made used the BDs test for the evaluation of serial correlation.

ps代写-行为理论

在：代写本科essay, 硕士毕业论文代写, 英国代写assignment, 英国代写essay, 英国代写论文, 英国留学常识, 英国留学知识, 英国论文代写, 论文代写, 论文代写新闻

根据阿巴斯(2014)的观点，随机漫步行为理论与有效市场理论相关联。研究人员认为，只有股票市场在本质上是有效的，价格的连续变化将是独立的，随机漫步将遵循价格(Abbas, 2014)。在本文中，他引用了许多基于Fama随机游走理论的文章。在全球股票市场的股票回报中，调查了随机漫步的行为。通过对文献的回顾发现，研究人员对股市回报行为没有达成共识(Abbas, 2014)。人们认为，随机漫步假说所表达的各种贡献已被证明有利于发达的股票市场。一些研究人员和作者发现，德国、英国、西班牙、瑞典、葡萄牙和爱尔兰的欧洲市场与随机漫步假说(Abbas, 2014)一致。然而，法国的市场与随机漫步的需求是一致的。

研究人员指出，随机漫步假说并不适用于美国，而且来自发展中国家的经验证据相互冲突和混合。在某些研究中，弱形式的效率与墨西哥、智利、阿根廷和巴西的股票市场(Abbas, 2014)的随机行走假说相关联。然而，其他国家却对随机行走假说的有效性提出了强有力的支持，并拒绝了智利、巴西、中国、墨西哥、韩国、印度、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、秘鲁、巴西和阿根廷等新兴和发展中国家的弱形式效率。当中东和北非市场进行调查时，人们发现，经验主义的文献已经拒绝了在确定区域内的国家的股票回报的随机性。

According to Abbas (2014), the random walk behaviour theory is associated with the theory of efficient market. It is regarded by the researcher that only if stock market is efficient in nature, the successive change of the price will be independent and the random walk will be followed by the prices (Abbas, 2014). In this paper, he has cited many articles that have developed and based on the random walk theory of Fama. The behaviour of random walk was investigated within the stock returns across the global stock markets. It has been identified through the review of literature that there be no consensus agreed by researcher about the stock market returns behaviour (Abbas, 2014). It is considered that the variety of contributions articulated on the random walk hypothesis has proven to be in favour of the developed stock markets. Several researchers and authors have identified that the European markets of Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Portugal and Ireland showcases consistency with the random walk hypothesis (Abbas, 2014). However, the market of France is aligned with only few of the random walk requirements.

The researchers have indicated that the random walk hypothesis is not applicable for the United States and there are conflicting and mixed empirical evidence from the developing nations. Weak form of efficiency is linked by certain researches without rejecting the random walk hypothesis for the stock markets of Mexico, Chile, Argentina and Brazil (Abbas, 2014). However, the others have surfaced strong support against the random walk hypothesis validity and rejected the efficiency in weak form across the emerging and developing nations of Chile, Brazil, China, Mexico, Korea, India, Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Brazil and Argentina. As the Middle Eastern and North African Markets were investigates, it was found that the empirical literature has rejected the stock returns randomness across nations in identified regions.

论文代写-独立测试

在：代写本科essay, 加拿大论文代写, 新西兰论文代写, 澳洲论文代写, 爱尔兰论文代写, 硕士毕业论文代写, 美国论文代写, 英国代写assignment, 英国代写essay, 英国代写论文, 英国论文代写, 论文代写, 论文代写新闻

本文通过对这一假设提供了一些额外的依赖测试。它指出独立测试有两个不同的过程。例如，可以进行纯统计测试。所有这些都被用来详细阐述这个假设是否正确的本质。这是一项重大贡献。

从这篇文章的使用来看，未来关于价格变化分布的研究已经有了两门可能的课程。在本文写作之前，大部分研究都集中在寻找与价格变化经验分布相一致的统计性质的分布(Fama, 1965)。相对而言，花费较少的精力去探索提供经验分布上升的常见过程。在这一视角下，任何一般的价格形成模型都不存在于股票市场中，用来解释价格水平和价格变动在一般经济变量行为上的分布。通过本文提供的建议，可以开发和测试模型，在理论上可以为建立强大的基础做出巨大贡献。本文还建议利用蒙特卡罗技术，建立一个近似的抽样理论。甚至当密度函数相关的显式表达不为人所知时，也会出现这种情况。

本文简要地指出，在不同的情况下，在不同的情况下，对于长尾自然的经验分布频率，在这样的结果下，个体的后续态度是相似的。然而，有效市场假说是最重要的贡献。根据这个假设，如果市场是有效的，那么价格的变化将会立即反映出来，否则他们将不会(Fama, 1965)。

The paper has added by providing some additional dependence tests for this hypothesis. It states that there are two distinct processes for independent testing. Pure statistics test can be carried out for example. All these have been utilized in order to elaborate completely the nature of whether this hypothesis is right or not. This has been a major contribution.
From the use of this article, two possible courses have been taken by future research over price change distribution. Until the writing of this article, most of the research was focused on only finding the distribution of statistical nature which can coincide with price change empirical distributions (Fama, 1965). Relatively there was lesser effort being spent to explore the much common processes providing empirical distribution rise. Within this perspective, any general price formation model did not exist within the market of stocks for explaining the level of price and price changes distribution with regard to the behaviour of general variables of economics. With the suggestions provided in this article, it has been possible to develop and test models that can greatly contribute towards establishment of a strong foundation theoretically. The article also recommended making use of techniques of Monte Carlo in order to develop an approximate theory of sampling. This was suggested even when density functions related explicit expression are not known.

The article in brief stated that provided the empirical distribution frequency of long tailed nature being under observation, in various situations, subsequent attitude of an individual under such results will be similar. Efficient market hypothesis however is the most essential contribution. According to this hypothesis, if market is efficient, then the price changes will immediately reflect or else they will not (Fama, 1965).

英国论文代写-预期收益

在：代写本科essay, 英国代写assignment, 英国代写essay, 英国代写论文, 英国论文代写, 论文代写, 论文代写新闻

预期收益可以以这种方式增加。另一方面，根据文章，随机行走理论描述了与安全相关的价格水平未来路径在本质上是没有什么可预测性的。这是与累积随机数系列路径相比较。在统计方面，理论认为价格的连续变化具有独立性。这种独立性在具有随机相同分布的变量中出现。这意味着最简单的就是价格序列和变化没有任何内存。这进一步意味着，过去发生的事不能以任何有意义的方式来预测未来。

这就是为什么在文章中对股票价格的随机漫步理论给予支持的原因。股票价格中的随机游走理论包含两个不同的假设。首先是价格的连续变化具有独立性，其次，价格的变化与一定的概率分布一致。这个假设已经在本文中独立地讨论过了。在阅读这篇论文的时候，有一种清晰的事实，即论文为随机漫步假说提供了巨大而有力的支持。然而，在经济学家的商业和研究中，人们不可能声称毫无疑问地建立了一个假设。总是有更多的测试，可以倾向于假设有效性确认或之前得到的结果反对。在最后的论文段落中，文章对未来的研究提出了一些建议。

Expected gains can be increased in this manner. On the other hand, as per the article, the random-walks theory depicts that the price level future pathway related to security is nothing much predictable in nature. This has been compared to the cumulated random numbers series path. In terms of statistics, the theory states that successive changes in price have independence (Fama, 1965). This independence comes forward in the variables with random identical distribution. This implies most simply that the price series and the changes do not have any memory.

This further means that what has occurred in the past cannot be utilized for prediction of the future in any meaningful manner. This is the reason why favour in the article is given to the random walks theory of stock prices. The random walks theory within the prices of stock involves 2 distinct hypotheses. First is successive changes in prices has independence and secondly, the changes in price have conformance to certain distribution of probability. The hypothesis has been discussed in this article independently. When reading the paper, there is clarity on the fact that the paper has offered enormous and strong support for random walk hypothesis. However, within business and research by economists, it is not possible for one to claim that a hypothesis has been established without any doubt (Fama, 1965). Always there are more tests that can be done either tending towards hypothesis validity confirmation or previously obtained results opposition. Within the final paper paragraphs, the paper indulged in suggesting certain directions for future research.

英国论文代写哪家好-论文简介

在：代写本科essay, 英国代写assignment, 英国代写essay, 英国代写论文, 英国论文代写, 论文代写, 论文代写新闻

所选的文章是关于股票市场价格在《商业杂志》上发表的. 本节描述了这篇祖父文章的概要，并提供了对知识主体如何在该领域做出贡献的评估。本文在本质上具有高度的描述性，其目的在于探讨理论的随机游走模型。关键是测试模型的实证效度。本文的基本结论解释了信息的一致性以及对使用该模型的更强烈支持(Fama, 1965)。本文认为，作为经验自然的证据，有利于随机漫步模型，但现在模型仍然是巨大的。文章的知识体系通过对这一领域的贡献大大增加了。

多年来，这篇文章提出了一种解决办法，一直存在争议。这一争议是在以往的股票一般价格的历史范围内，可以用来预测未来股票价格的有意义的性质。这个问题的答案要么是由图表分析师提供的理论，要么是通过随机漫步理论。这篇文章指出，尽管有各种不同的宪章理论，但仍然有更相似和普遍的假设(Fama, 1965)。所有这些都假设，以前的安全成本行为在预测未来行为方面具有丰富的数据。在以往的成本行为中，一些模式和历史会导致重复本身，历史成本也会在未来出现。因此，通过价格图表的仔细分析，可以开发出这种模式的理解。这可以用来预测未来的价格行为。

The article selected is Fama, E.F., (1965) on the behaviour of stock-market prices published in the journal of Business, 38(1), pp.34-105. This section describes a synopsis of this grandfather article along with providing assessment of how the body of knowledge has contributed in the field.
The paper is highly descriptive in nature and its purpose lies in discussing the random walk model underlying theory. The key was also testing the empirical validity of the model. The essential conclusion of this paper explains that information has shown consistency as well as stronger support for using this model (Fama, 1965). The paper suggests that as evidence of empirical nature is produced in favour of the random-walk model, but still the model now is hefty.

The article’s body of knowledge has added tremendously through its contribution to the field. For various years, a controversy remained for which the article offered a solution. The controversy was on the range previous history of a general price of stock can be used for making predictions of meaningful nature with regard to future stock price. This question had been answered either through theories provided by chartists or through the random walk theories. The article states that even though there are various distinct chartist theories, all the more similar and general assumption is still made in them (Fama, 1965). All of them are the assumption that the previous security cost behaviour has data rich in predicting behaviour in the future. Within the previous cost behaviour are some patterns and history results in repeating itself, the historical cost comes forward in the future as well. Therefore, by price charts careful analysis, an understanding can be developed of such patterns. This can be used for predicting prices behaviour in future.

论文代写-力矩平衡

在：代写本科essay, 英国代写assignment, 英国代写essay, 英国代写论文, 英国论文代写, 论文代写, 论文代写新闻

普通方法满足了圆滑移面的力矩平衡，忽略了剪切力和夹层法向力。该方法的主要优点是它以一种简单的方式检验了安全系数，而方程不需要相互作用过程。安全系数是建立在力矩平衡的基础上的。在那里,

u =孔隙压力

l =片底座长度

滑动面的倾斜度。

一般方法满足力矩平衡条件，忽略剪切力和层间法向力，提供了安全的保护因子，并用于演示。在实践中常用的简化方法是圆形剪切面。该方法包括层间法向力，不包括层间剪切力。垂直力平衡满足确定和评价基础法基的基础，由: 毕肖普的简化方法假定了圆形的破坏面，并利用方程来确定安全系数。计算需要迭代过程，因为非线性关系作为安全系数出现在等式两边。因此，该方法满足安全与垂直力平衡的力矩平衡或因子。它包括层间法向力，主要适用于圆形剪切面。主教严密的方法包括夹层剪力。该方法假定了结果力的分布，满足切片的力矩平衡。迭代过程决定了安全系数。

The ordinary method satisfies moment equilibrium for the circular slip surface and neglects both the shear and interslice normal forces. The main advantage of the method is that it examines the factor of safety in a simple way and the equation does not require the interaction process. The factor of safety is based on the moment equilibrium.

Where,
u= pore pressure
l= slice base length
α = inclination of the slip surface

The ordinary method satisfies the moment equilibrium condition, neglects the shear and interslice normal forces and provides the conservation factor of safety and useful for demonstrations.
The simplified method of Bishop is commonly used in practice for the circular shear surface. The method includes the interslice normal forces and does not include the interslice shear forces. The vertical force equilibrium is satisfied to determine and evaluate the base normal base which is given by: The Bishop’s simplified method assumes the circular failure surface, and the equation is used to determine the factor of safety. The computation requires the iterative process because of nonlinear relationship as the factor of safety appears on the both sides. Thus, the method satisfies the moment equilibrium or factor of safety and vertical force equilibrium. It includes the interslice normal force and mostly applies to the circular shear surfaces. The Bishop rigorous method includes the interslice shear forces. The method assumes the distribution of the resultant forces and satisfies the moment equilibrium of the slice. The iteration processes determine the factor of safety.

代写论文-极限平衡

在：代写本科essay, 英国代写assignment, 英国代写essay, 英国代写论文, 英国论文代写, 论文代写, 论文代写新闻

为了分析边坡的稳定性，提出了许多极限平衡方法。第一个方法是引入普通基力的新关系。因此，安全系数方程变得非线性。非圆面失效的简化方法将潜在滑移的质量分为不同的垂直切片。同时介绍了切片的一般处理过程，从而引出了简化方法的发展。对不同假设的夹层力进行了进一步的贡献。一般极限平衡的过程是随着Morgenstern price和Spencer方法的扩展而发展起来的。

所有的极限平衡方法都是基于对剪切力和层间法线的假设，而这些方法的主要区别在于如何假设或确定力。在此情况下，本文假设了估计安全系数和滑移面形状的平衡条件。层间力依赖于多种因素，包括材料的变形特性和应力应变。在极限平衡法的存在下，评价变得更加复杂。这些假设是在方法中做出的，或者忽略其中一个或两个。在极限平衡分析中，大多数先进方法都考虑了力。

Many limit equilibrium methods have been developed for the analysis of the slope stability. The first method was introduced for introducing the new relationships for the normal base force. Thus, the equation of factor of safety became nonlinear. The simplified method for the failure of the non-circular surfaces divided the mass of potential sliding into different vertical slices. The general process of slices was introduced at the same time which leads to the development of the simplified methods. Further contributions were made for interslice forces with different assumptions. The procedure of the general limit equilibrium was developed as the extension of the Morgenstern price and Spencer methods.

All the limit equilibrium methods are based on the assumptions for the shear forces and interslice normal, and the main difference between the methods is based on how the forces are assumed or determined. The equilibrium conditions for estimating the factor of safety and the shape of the slip surface are assumed in this case. The interslice forces rely on many factors which include deformation characteristics of materials and stress-strain. The evaluation becomes more complicated in the presence of limit equilibrium methods. The assumptions are made in the methods either to neglect one or both of them. The forces are considered in most of the advanced methods in the limit equilibrium analysis.

代写report-金融市场

在：代写本科essay, 英国代写assignment, 英国代写论文, 英国论文代写, 论文代写, 论文代写新闻

代写report 金融市场

全球股市泡沫导致了“黑色星期一”的金融衰退。英国和美国的金融市场都经历了牛市，但英国没有经历熊市。在年初，股票价值增长了75%，10月份的股票成交量达到了纽约股市崩盘前的最高点。牛市现象在包括法兰克福和香港在内的所有金融市场都有。因此，今年大部分的收益都被泡沫破灭了，经济复苏到明年还很低。

代写report 金融市场

根据文献，泡沫的性质可以用大傻瓜理论来解释。它暗示了气泡发音的过程。随着安全价格的快速上涨，他们往往会偏离固有价值的更大的距离，但仍会继续增长。许多投资者都知道，由于相信这些证券可以以巨额利润出售给其他投资者，这些证券都是超值的。然而，泡沫突然破裂，没有任何明显的原因，也没有投资者愿意购买资产。大规模的恐慌导致个人抛售股票，因为价格急剧下跌，直到达到内在价值。有三种理论解释了股票市场泡沫的性质和投资者的理性行为。

代写report 金融市场

The bubble of stock market across the globe resulted in the financial decline known as Black Monday. The financial markets of the UK and the US both were experiencing bull markets but the bear market was not experienced by the UK. There was 75 percent increment of the stock values in the start of year and the shared turnover in October reached the peak across New York prior to crash. The bull market phenomenon was experienced across all financial markets including Frankfurt and Hong Kong. As a result, most of the year’s gains were removed by the bubble’s burst and the recovery was low in till next year.

代写report 金融市场

According to the literature, the nature of bubble can be explained with the Greater fool theory. It implies the processes of the bubble articulation. As the prices of security rise rapidly, they tend of deviate at a greater distance from the intrinsic values but still continue to grow. Various investors buy with the knowledge that the securities are overvalues due to the belief that it can be sold at large profits towards another investors. However, the bubble suddenly bursts without any evident reasons and then there are no investors willing to buy the asset. The mass panic causes the individuals to unload the stocks due to which there is sharp decline in prices till the intrinsic value is reached. There are three theories which explain the nature of the stock market bubble with the rational behaviours by the investors.

英国机械工业学代写论文

在：英国代写assignment, 英国代写essay, 英国代写论文, 英国论文代写, 论文代写新闻

在研究股市泡沫之前，必须了解与股市泡沫有关的积极反馈。当股价上涨吸引投资者的注意力时，积极的反馈就会发生。这一吸引力导致投资者忽视了对股票本质的研究，因为研究人员已经确定，价格的增长被投资者认为是一个充分的理由，用于进行可观的投资。此外，额外的投资可以使积极反馈回路的完成产生积极的效果。

考虑到类似于动态系统，金融市场的运作处于一种平衡状态，这种平衡在本质上是不断变化的，这导致了价格的波动。然而，市场上出现了一种自我调整的负面反馈。这被认为是由正反馈组成的系统在不断增长的不平衡中进入。这在金融泡沫中是显而易见的，资产价格垂直于可以被视为经济价值的价值，而这是理性的，之后它就会迅速下降。

通过文献，我们发现新的全球金融体系是由布雷顿森林会议的代表们商定的。这一制度得到了国际货币基金组织的支持，它是一个新的机构，其宏观经济的稳定性和经济增长被视为保证和平的因素。战后布雷顿森林协议的消亡导致了贸易冲突、低增长、通货膨胀和汇率波动的出现。在这里，金融的价值从商品转移到对价值的信心。