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论文格式:空气污染的危害

论文格式:空气污染的危害

空气污染每年造成330万人死亡。已经发现这对肺和全身器官造成了严重的影响。它对非洲国家和发展中国家产生了深远的影响。仅健康因素就给这些国家造成了巨大的经济损失。在一个典型的高发展速度的国家,已经发现空气污染物如碳氢化合物、氮氧化物、铅等污染物对人们的生活造成了负面影响。由于这个原因,美国政府启动了淘汰铅的计划。这是为了减少TEL成分,创造无铅汽油(EPAGov, 2016)。这种认识已导致制造商稳步减少汽油生产中的铅含量。下图显示了1980年至2014年美国铅空气质量的影响。目前领先水平所允许的环境保护局是0.15μg / m3,平均轧制时间是3个月平均(EPA。政府2016)。作为在美国实施的政策的阶梯式效应,许多国家遵循同样的政策。


论文格式:空气污染的危害
20世纪70年代,欧盟逐步停止使用含铅天然气。德国从1972年起限制汽油的使用。在1981年,汽油的含铅量最初为每克0.4升。1985年这一水平降至0.013 g Pb/l。这种影响也降低了催化含量水平。2002年,联合国环境规划署(United Nations Environment Program)的清洁燃料和车辆伙伴关系(Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles)在全光谱范围内实施了减少铅含量的dot计划。研究发现,2009年只有11个国家使用含铅汽油(Tanaka, 2015)。在撒哈拉以南非洲和世界各地的几个发展中国家也有这种做法。由于先期淘汰计划的实施,空气污染水平有了相当大的改善。

论文格式:空气污染的危害

Air pollution is responsible for 3.3 million deaths per year. It has been found that this causes a drastic impact on the lungs and systemic organs. It is found to have a profound impact in African countries and developing countries. The health factor alone caused a lot of monetary losses to the countries. In a typical country where there is high development rate it has been found that the air pollutants such as Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen oxide, lead and other pollutants cause an negative impact in the life of the people. Owing to this the government of USA starts the lead phase out program. This was to reduce the TEL component and create unleaded petrol (EPAGov, 2016). This awareness had caused manufacturers to steadily decrease lead content in the gasoline production.The graph below shows the impact of lead air quality in the US from the years of 1980 to 2014. Currently the lead level that is permitted by the Environmental protection Agency is 0.15 μg/m3 where the average rolling time is 3 months average (EPA. GoV 2016). As a cascade effect of the policy implemented in United States number of countries followed the same kind of policy.


论文格式:空气污染的危害
Leaded gas phase out in the European Union during the 1970s. In Germany the gasoline levels were restricted from 1972 onwards. Initially the lead content of gasoline was 0.4 per gram of liter in 1981. In 1985 this level was reduced to 0.013 g Pb/l. Catalytic content levels were also reduced as a result of this impact. In the year 2002, Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles, in the United Nations Environment Program was implemented dot reducing lead levels across the spectrum. It was found that in the year 2009 only 11 countries had leaded gasoline (Tanaka, 2015). There has also been implementation in the Sub Saharan Africa and in several developing countries across the world. There has been a considerable positive impact in the air pollution levels owing to the effect of the Lead Phase out program.