硕士论文代写：全球反腐败治理

硕士论文代写：全球反腐败治理。自1996年以来，改善全球反腐败治理的必要性一直是首要问题。当时，世界银行行长呼吁采取行动打击腐败。当今时代的腐败不仅在经济问题上对国家构成威胁，而且在可持续性问题上也构成威胁，因为它对社会有着直接的影响。可持续发展的人的支柱被认为是可持续发展的社会支柱的一部分，社会支柱是基本可持续发展框架的三大支柱之一——社会、环境和经济。接下来硕士论文代写专家将为同学们分析讨论下全球反腐败治理。

腐败活动威胁环境。根据研究，腐败的不利经济影响可能是最严重的影响。

卫生部门腐败的经济和社会影响有助于更好地了解其不利影响。在全球范围内，与卫生部门有关的腐败是多方面和多管辖的。腐败阻碍了全球卫生的进步(透明国际，2006年;麦基&梁，2012)。我们认为，在全球范围内的腐败问题可以从轻微的腐败问题分类到系统的腐败问题。一些小的腐败问题的例子是一个缺席的工人。一些系统性腐败问题的例子是从事医疗欺诈的跨国公司。它可以发生在不同的水平上。社区治理受到影响，同样，它也可能影响到地方政府的高层。在国际范围内，腐败也可以渗透到私营/公共部门。这就导致了各国的财政成本问题。相对于发达国家而言，较贫穷的国家面临着这些问题的冲击。与健康有关的腐败对社会的经济和社会方面造成损害。到目前为止，这是一种比建筑和银行等经济部门更危险的腐败形式，因为它是一种“双重负担”(Mackey et al.， 2016;麦基&梁，2012)。这种腐败存在着双重负担，因为腐败的经济/社会方面导致了患者和人口的危险，他们必须花费额外的经济和社会成本和元素来拯救。在一端，腐败会带来损失，而在另一端，对成本和损耗较大的损失进行了修正。改善全球治理有助于控制这一双重负担。

减少腐败不仅是社会和经济问题的需要，也是维持国际关系的需要。例如，正如研究报告所指出的，当一个国家存在腐败时，它可能会阻止这个国家获得有效的经济援助。由于其腐败问题，各国可能对该国产生更消极的看法。公众对该国系统性腐败的看法和批评将导致外国援助的减少，或可能实施其他制裁(Savedoff等人，2016)。Kaiser家庭基金会进行的调查坚持认为，当系统腐败导致国家在国际上的坏名声时，发展中国家的健康问题受到威胁。

所有国家都迫切需要解决腐败问题。在发展中国家和转型经济体中，这种需要更加突出，因为它们在经济、社会和环境利益方面的损失比发达国家要大。发展中国家和转型经济体是指那些经济正从计划经济向自由贸易经济转变的国家。研究表明，转型经济体日益全球化会导致腐败的增加。由于向全球贸易开放，转型经济体对腐败的需求激增。腐败等经济的影响可能会导致坏名声的国家,随着时间的推移,这可能导致诸如减少贸易,减少援助资金的国家发生自然灾害的情况下,甚至禁止国家因为腐败继续努力。

Corruption initiatives threaten environment. The adverse economic impact of corruption is perhaps the most sever of impacts as per research.

The economic and social impact of corruption in the health sector helps understand the adverse impact in a better manner. Health sector related corruption in the global scale is multifaceted and multijurisdictional. Global health progress is deterred by corruption (Transparency International, 2006; Mackey & Liang, 2012). It is identified that corruption concerns in the global sector can be classified from petty corruption issues to systematic corruption issues. Some examples of petty corruption issues are that of an absent worker. Some examples of systematic corruption issues are multinational companies working on healthcare fraud. It could occur at different levels. The community governance is affected and similarly it could also affect the high levels of a local government. Corruption can also infiltrate private/public sectors in the international context. This results in financial cost issues for countries. Poorer countries relative to developed nations are made to face the brunt of these issues. Health related corruption that takes a toll on economic and social aspects of the society. It is by far the more dangerous form of corruption than even economic sectors like construction and banking, because it is a “dual-burden” (Mackey et al., 2016; Mackey & Liang, 2012). The dual burden exists in this corruption because the corrupted economic/social aspects led to endangering of patients and population who has to be rescued by spending extra in economic and social costs and elements. At one end, corruption hence introduces a loss, and at the other end, the correction of the loss with more cost and wastage is done. An improvement in global governance could help control the dual burden.

Corruption reduction is necessary not only for social and economic concerns but also to maintain international relations. For instance, as research studies note, when corruption exists in a country, it could stop the country for getting effective economic aid. The country on account of its corruption concerns could become more negatively perceived by countries. Public perception and criticism of the systemic corruption in the country would lead to a reduction of foreign aid or other sanctions could be imposed (Savedoff et al., 2016). Surveys were conducted by Kaiser Family Foundation which insists that health issues in developing countries are threatened when systemic corruption leads to a bad name for the country in international circles.

The need to address corruption is high in all countries. This need is heightened in the case developing and transitioning economies as they stand to lose out more in terms of economic, social and environmental benefits than the developed nations. Developing and transitioning economies refers to those countries where the economy is moving from a planned to a free trade economy. Research suggests that the increased globalization in transitioning economies leads to an increase in corruption. The need for corruption surges in transitioning economies because of opening up to global trade. The effects of corruption on such economies might lead to bad reputation for the country and with time, it could cause such issues like reduction in trade, reduction in aid monies to the country in the context of natural disasters and even a ban on the country because of continued corruption efforts.

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