英国论文代写被发现：如何设计公共交通

英国论文代写被发现：如何设计公共交通

蒙特利尔和多伦多被认为在公共交通巴士和地下地铁线路等地面交通工具上运行。温哥华利用天空列车(城市交通工作组，2012)。然而，地面交通工具也在使用，像公交车这样的交通工具也会陷入私人通勤者造成的拥堵。为了解决交通拥堵问题，需要进行城市经济规划。城市经济学是运用经济工具和理论来解决城市问题。根据工会理论，技术效率只有通过组合投入才能实现。“当一个经济体的最大产出是由给定的投入组合产出时，它在技术上是有效的”(Kaufman, 2004, p. 356)。在此背景下，城市经济规划为了解决交通拥堵问题，将考虑如何将区域规划与交通相结合。研究报告建议，在大多伦多地区，将有必要让市政府和过境机构为共同目标共同努力。
Metrolinx项目就是这样一个多输入项目，智能交通系统将被用来控制拥堵(城市交通工作组，2012)。蒙特利尔实施了一项计划，将重点放在土地利用规划和拥堵问题上。早在2008年，蒙特利尔就对21个场地进行了可持续发展可行性分析，并据此进行了规划。为了使这种规划形式能够持续下去，资金必须来自不同的目的。在美国等国家，联邦汽油税的一部分将预留给各州，以便为各州的道路规划和运输提供资金。在法国等国家，法国的自动驾驶系统是由道路上收取的通行费资助的。加拿大应该有类似的实现，而且必须集成这些实现。还应该有公共和私人伙伴关系，以增加财政和减少风险(城市交通工作队，2012年)。在考虑外部性和定价时，可以说外部性的情况也可能是拥堵问题的一个因素。

英国论文代写被发现：如何设计公共交通

Montreal and Toronto are seen to operate on surface vehicles such as public transport buses and also underground subways lines. Vancouver makes use of SkyTrain (Urban Transportation Task Force, 2012). However, surface based transits are used and transit vehicles like buses will be caught in the same gridlock created by private commuters. Urban economic planning is required to address the problem of congestion. Urban economics is the use of economic tools and theories in order to solve urban issues. According to the unions theory, it has been accepted that technical efficiency is possible only by combination of inputs. “An economy is technically efficient when the maximum possible output is being produced from a given combination of inputs” (Kaufman, 2004, p. 356). In this context, urban economy planning in order to address the issues of traffic congestion will consider how to integrate regional planning and transportation. It has been recommended in studies that in Greater Toronto Area it will be necessary to have the municipality and the transit agency work together for the common objective.
The Metrolinx program is one such multiple input program where intelligent transportation systems will be made use of in order to control congestion (Urban Transportation Task Force, 2012). Montreal implemented a plan where it would focus on land use planning and the congestion problem. As early as in the 2008, 21 sites in Montreal were analyzed for sustainable development feasibility and planning was done accordingly. For this form of planning to be sustainable, the financing has to come from different ends. In countries such as the United States, a portion of federal gas tax would be set aside for states in order to finance for their road planning and transit. In countries such as France, the French autoroute system is financed by the tolls collected on the roads.There should be similar implementations in Canada, and these implementations must be integrated. There should also be public private partnership for increasing finances and for reducing the risks (Urban Transportation Task Force, 2012). In considering externalities and pricing, it can be said that the situation of externality might be a contributor to the congestion problem also.