论文代写：全球化对日本儿童的影响

论文代写：全球化对日本儿童的影响。在日本已经观察到全球化的影响，但日本不是全球化的拥护者，也不是利用全球化到在其社会的经济阶层有更大的涓滴效应的人。这使得日本对菲茨帕特里克提出的全球化的不同观点持怀疑态度。日本人很少出国留学，移民的流入和流出也相当低。净移民几乎为零(《日本时报》，2018)。在这方面，全球化对从概念上理解的任何国家解决儿童贫困问题的影响都不大。接下来论文代写专家将全球化对日本儿童的影响进行以下分析。

该国的经济自由度得分为72.3，截至2018年，其经济自由度在世界上排名第30位(Heritage, 2018)。总体得分上升2.7分左右，说明财政状况良好。然而，由于不灵活的劳动法和高度管制的招聘系统，全球企业在该国面临问题(Thelen和Kume, 1999)。平均关税为1.4%，而且还存在阻碍贸易的非关税壁垒。

在全球化在国内不太受欢迎的情况下，儿童贫困率的改善速度较慢。大约350万日本儿童属于相对贫困的家庭(根据经合组织的比较指南)。他们的家庭收入低于全国可支配收入的中位数。截至2015年，与2012年相比，情况有所改善。2012年，卫生、劳动和福利省称，该国在儿童贫困方面处于最糟糕的时期。然而，这种改善表明，还有更多的空间。

与日本等工业化国家相比，单亲家庭的情况并没有改善。单亲家庭贫困率高达50.8%。与其他经合组织国家相比，日本的数字较低。经合组织的平均水平为13.3%，日本为11.4%。单亲母亲家庭被贷款压垮了。法律援助不仅仅是经济上的，还帮助儿童接受教育。此外，全球化引入的一体化劳动观念的缺乏使这些单身母亲不断面临风险。在没有足够就业机会的欧洲和北欧国家，有针对失业者的公共援助计划。然而，在日本，这部分“不稳定的工人别无选择，只能接受不充分就业。这些不稳定阶层在恶劣的工作条件下从事非自愿的兼职和临时工作，部分或完全被禁止获得社会保障(Bhalla和Lapeyre, 2004年，第71页)。这在经济上耗尽了单身母亲的精力，让孩子失去了社会地位。事实上，这种不稳定的工作需求迫使日本单身母亲从“约舍场”(yoseba)或临时劳动力市场中作为临时工工作，转向由管理者控制的剥削性劳动力市场，称为“nunpudashi”或工人寄宿公寓(Webster, 2001)。对全球化机遇的不充分利用导致国家和工人与资本主义增长进行斗争，这反过来阻止了经济中的涓滴效应，并将斗争的责任放在了工人身上。因此，在需要采取法律措施加以纠正的情况下，儿童贫困成为一种不希望出现的结果。

Globalization effects have been observed in Japan, but Japan was not a champion of globalization or of making use of it to such an extent to have a greater trickle-down benefit in economic stratum of its society. This makes Japan a sceptic in the different perspectives of globalization presented by Fitzpatrick. FDI flows were at the highest globally in 2007, however in Japan, it was observed that the country missed out on the FDI boom and its overall contribution in FDI was around 2 percent in GDP only. There were less mergers and acquisitions (around 2 percent in world value) which puts the trade of Japan at the outliers. The share of imports is low. In terms of tourism which globalization is said to have impacted in a positive way, Japan has less than 10 percent foreign tourism compared to China and the Eastern Block. Very little Japanese study abroad and inflows and outflows in immigration are quite low. Net immigration is nearly zero (The Japan Times, 2018). In this context, the influence of globalization with respect to addressing child poverty situation for any country as understood conceptually would not be great.

The economic freedom score of the country is 72.3 and its economy is the thirtieth freest in the world as of 2018 (Heritage, 2018). The overall score increases of around 2.7 shows its good fiscal health. However, global businesses face issues with the country because of inflexible labour laws and a recruitment system that is highly regimented (Thelen and Kume, 1999). The average tariff rate is 1.4 percent and in addition, there are non-tariff barriers that impeded trade in the country.

In this context of globalization being not so well received within the country, the child poverty rate shows slower improvement. Around 3.5 million Japanese children belong to a household that is in relative poverty (as per OECD comparison guidelines). Their household income falls below the median national disposable income. As of 2015, there was some improvement as compared to 2012 when the Health Labour and Welfare Ministry stated that the country was at its worst with respect to child poverty. However, the improvement shows that there is scope for more.

Compared to industrialized nations similar to Japan, the situation has not improved for single parent homes. Poverty rate in single parent households were at a high of 50.8 percent. Compared against the other OECD countries, Japan has a lower figure. OECD average is 13.3 percent and Japan’s falls at 11.4 percent. Single mother households are held down by loans. More than economical, legal aid was brought into effect to help children receive an education. In addition, the lack of integrating labour concepts introduced through globalization puts these single mothers at continuous risks. In European and Nordic countries where there is no adequate employment, then there are public assistance schemes available for the unemployed. However, in Japan, this “precarious segments of workers have no alternative but to accept underemployment. These precarious segments are occupied in involuntary part-time and temporary employment under poor working conditions and are partially or fully barred from access to social security (Bhalla and Lapeyre, 2004, p.71). This drains the single mothers economically and leaves the children social bereft. In fact, such precarious needs to work pushes Japanese single mothers from working as causal labourers in the “yoseba” or the casual labour market to the exploitive labour markets controlled by managers, called the “nunpudashi” or worker boarding houses (Webster, 2001). Underexploiting the opportunities in globalization has led the country and its labourers into a fight with capitalistic growth and this in turn stops trickle down benefits in economy and puts the onus on the workers to struggle. Child poverty hence becomes an undesired outcome in the situation requiring legal measure to correct it.

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