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普通方法满足了圆滑移面的力矩平衡，忽略了剪切力和夹层法向力。该方法的主要优点是它以一种简单的方式检验了安全系数，而方程不需要相互作用过程。安全系数是建立在力矩平衡的基础上的。在那里,

u =孔隙压力

l =片底座长度

滑动面的倾斜度。

一般方法满足力矩平衡条件，忽略剪切力和层间法向力，提供了安全的保护因子，并用于演示。在实践中常用的简化方法是圆形剪切面。该方法包括层间法向力，不包括层间剪切力。垂直力平衡满足确定和评价基础法基的基础，由: 毕肖普的简化方法假定了圆形的破坏面，并利用方程来确定安全系数。计算需要迭代过程，因为非线性关系作为安全系数出现在等式两边。因此，该方法满足安全与垂直力平衡的力矩平衡或因子。它包括层间法向力，主要适用于圆形剪切面。主教严密的方法包括夹层剪力。该方法假定了结果力的分布，满足切片的力矩平衡。迭代过程决定了安全系数。

The ordinary method satisfies moment equilibrium for the circular slip surface and neglects both the shear and interslice normal forces. The main advantage of the method is that it examines the factor of safety in a simple way and the equation does not require the interaction process. The factor of safety is based on the moment equilibrium.

Where,
u= pore pressure
l= slice base length
α = inclination of the slip surface

The ordinary method satisfies the moment equilibrium condition, neglects the shear and interslice normal forces and provides the conservation factor of safety and useful for demonstrations.
The simplified method of Bishop is commonly used in practice for the circular shear surface. The method includes the interslice normal forces and does not include the interslice shear forces. The vertical force equilibrium is satisfied to determine and evaluate the base normal base which is given by: The Bishop’s simplified method assumes the circular failure surface, and the equation is used to determine the factor of safety. The computation requires the iterative process because of nonlinear relationship as the factor of safety appears on the both sides. Thus, the method satisfies the moment equilibrium or factor of safety and vertical force equilibrium. It includes the interslice normal force and mostly applies to the circular shear surfaces. The Bishop rigorous method includes the interslice shear forces. The method assumes the distribution of the resultant forces and satisfies the moment equilibrium of the slice. The iteration processes determine the factor of safety.

代写论文-极限平衡

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为了分析边坡的稳定性，提出了许多极限平衡方法。第一个方法是引入普通基力的新关系。因此，安全系数方程变得非线性。非圆面失效的简化方法将潜在滑移的质量分为不同的垂直切片。同时介绍了切片的一般处理过程，从而引出了简化方法的发展。对不同假设的夹层力进行了进一步的贡献。一般极限平衡的过程是随着Morgenstern price和Spencer方法的扩展而发展起来的。

所有的极限平衡方法都是基于对剪切力和层间法线的假设，而这些方法的主要区别在于如何假设或确定力。在此情况下，本文假设了估计安全系数和滑移面形状的平衡条件。层间力依赖于多种因素，包括材料的变形特性和应力应变。在极限平衡法的存在下，评价变得更加复杂。这些假设是在方法中做出的，或者忽略其中一个或两个。在极限平衡分析中，大多数先进方法都考虑了力。

Many limit equilibrium methods have been developed for the analysis of the slope stability. The first method was introduced for introducing the new relationships for the normal base force. Thus, the equation of factor of safety became nonlinear. The simplified method for the failure of the non-circular surfaces divided the mass of potential sliding into different vertical slices. The general process of slices was introduced at the same time which leads to the development of the simplified methods. Further contributions were made for interslice forces with different assumptions. The procedure of the general limit equilibrium was developed as the extension of the Morgenstern price and Spencer methods.

All the limit equilibrium methods are based on the assumptions for the shear forces and interslice normal, and the main difference between the methods is based on how the forces are assumed or determined. The equilibrium conditions for estimating the factor of safety and the shape of the slip surface are assumed in this case. The interslice forces rely on many factors which include deformation characteristics of materials and stress-strain. The evaluation becomes more complicated in the presence of limit equilibrium methods. The assumptions are made in the methods either to neglect one or both of them. The forces are considered in most of the advanced methods in the limit equilibrium analysis.

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极限平衡方法利用莫尔-库仑表达式来评价滑动面的抗剪强度。土体的剪切应力是指土的抗剪强度。当运动的剪切应力表示为剪切强度的分数时，极限平衡态存在。当临界状态达到时，在失效的时刻充分调动了抗剪强度。因此,剪切强度表达通常通过莫尔-库仑线性关系和ƮƮf定义为:Φ,c和a =摩擦角,凝聚力和吸引力在压力方面F =安全系数

剪切强度依赖于有效的正常应力和土壤类型。活动的剪切应力依赖于作用于土体上的外力。的安全系数的比值Ʈ和Ʈf极限平衡分析。安全系数可以用三种方法来解释:力矩平衡、力平衡和极限平衡。第一个定义是通过两种方法获得抗剪强度:有效应力法和总应力法。强度的类型取决于加载条件，在开挖后的时间和土壤类型。在粘性土的短期条件下，通常采用总应力强度，在各种类型的土壤中，有效的应力强度通常用于长期条件。第二个定义是基于力平衡的，第三个定义是基于运动平衡的。第二和第三个定义有时会让人感到困惑，有时是在驾驶时还是在抵抗的时候。例如，沿滑动面的力分量被认为是抵抗侧的力，因为它增加了抵抗运动的能力。另一方面，作为消极的贡献，在驾驶方面可以认为是消极的贡献，因为它减少了驾驶的倾向。片的重量是在牵引侧被认为是负的贡献或在抵抗侧作为积极的贡献。

The limit equilibrium methods use Mohr-Coulomb expression to evaluate the shear strength along with the sliding surfaces. The shear stress the soil fails is referred to the shear strengths of the soil. The limit equilibrium state exists when the mobilized shear stress is expressed as the fraction of shear strength. The shear strength is mobilized fully at the moment of the failure along with the failure surfaces when the critical conditions state is reached. Thus, the shear strength is expressed usually by the Mohr-Coulomb linear relationship and the Ʈ and Ʈf are defined by: Φ, c and a = friction angle, cohesion and attraction in stress terms F= factor of safety

The shear strengths rely on the effective normal stress and type of soil. The mobilized shear stress relies on the external forces that act on the soil mass. The factor of safety is the ratio of Ʈ and Ʈf in the limit equilibrium analysis. The factor of safety can be explained in three ways: moment equilibrium, force equilibrium and limit equilibrium. The first definition describes that the shear strength can be obtained in two ways: effective stress approach and total stress approach. The type of strengths relies on the loading condition, time elapsed after the excavation and type of soil. The total stress strength is commonly used for the short-term conditions in the clayey soils and the effective stress strength is commonly used in the long-term conditions in all types of soils. The second definition is based on the force equilibrium, and the third definition is based on the movement equilibrium. The second and third definition can be confusing sometimes whether the moment or force is a contribution on driving or resisting sides. For example, the force components along the sliding surface are considered on the resisting sides as the positive contribution as it increases the capacity of resistance against the movement. On the other hand, the component can be considered on the driving side as the negative contribution as it diminishes the driving tendency. The slices weights are situated at the tow and considered either on the driving side as the negative contribution or on the resisting side as the positive contribution.

代写report-金融市场

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代写report 金融市场

全球股市泡沫导致了“黑色星期一”的金融衰退。英国和美国的金融市场都经历了牛市，但英国没有经历熊市。在年初，股票价值增长了75%，10月份的股票成交量达到了纽约股市崩盘前的最高点。牛市现象在包括法兰克福和香港在内的所有金融市场都有。因此，今年大部分的收益都被泡沫破灭了，经济复苏到明年还很低。

代写report 金融市场

根据文献，泡沫的性质可以用大傻瓜理论来解释。它暗示了气泡发音的过程。随着安全价格的快速上涨，他们往往会偏离固有价值的更大的距离，但仍会继续增长。许多投资者都知道，由于相信这些证券可以以巨额利润出售给其他投资者，这些证券都是超值的。然而，泡沫突然破裂，没有任何明显的原因，也没有投资者愿意购买资产。大规模的恐慌导致个人抛售股票，因为价格急剧下跌，直到达到内在价值。有三种理论解释了股票市场泡沫的性质和投资者的理性行为。

代写report 金融市场

The bubble of stock market across the globe resulted in the financial decline known as Black Monday. The financial markets of the UK and the US both were experiencing bull markets but the bear market was not experienced by the UK. There was 75 percent increment of the stock values in the start of year and the shared turnover in October reached the peak across New York prior to crash. The bull market phenomenon was experienced across all financial markets including Frankfurt and Hong Kong. As a result, most of the year’s gains were removed by the bubble’s burst and the recovery was low in till next year.

代写report 金融市场

According to the literature, the nature of bubble can be explained with the Greater fool theory. It implies the processes of the bubble articulation. As the prices of security rise rapidly, they tend of deviate at a greater distance from the intrinsic values but still continue to grow. Various investors buy with the knowledge that the securities are overvalues due to the belief that it can be sold at large profits towards another investors. However, the bubble suddenly bursts without any evident reasons and then there are no investors willing to buy the asset. The mass panic causes the individuals to unload the stocks due to which there is sharp decline in prices till the intrinsic value is reached. There are three theories which explain the nature of the stock market bubble with the rational behaviours by the investors.

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爱尔兰电子商务论文代写 股市泡沫的本质

一些著名的股市泡沫是1973年的股市崩盘、1987年的股市崩盘、2000年的互联网泡沫和2008年的股市崩盘。1973年的崩溃发生在布雷顿森林体系崩溃和美国史密森协定的美元贬值之后。泡沫进一步导致了1973年10月的石油危机。人们发现，坏的新闻理论是1973年股票市场崩溃背后的原因。

爱尔兰电子商务论文代写 股市泡沫的本质

根据研究人员的说法，历史的泡沫已经成为新的市场和技术出现的机会，投资者追求高回报。这就延伸到了股票价格上涨带来的兴奋之中，信贷扩张导致了泡沫的膨胀。因此，在躁狂阶段，投资者急于从投资中取出资金，并将其转移到股票、房地产和大宗商品等非流动性要素中。这些投资是由个人进行的，他们不了解导致市场停止增长的相关过程，而那些对借入资金做出回应的个人发现自己陷入了困境。这导致了无法解释的失败，随之而来的是耻辱。最后阶段是自食其力的恐慌，泡沫破裂，人们急于抛售股票。

爱尔兰电子商务论文代写 股市泡沫的本质

Some of the famous stock market bubbles are the Stock Market Crash of 1973, 1987 Stock Market Crash, Dot-com bubble of 2000 and the recent Stock market crash of 2008. The crash of the 1973 took place due to the Nixon Shock emerged from the collapse of Bretton Woods System and the devaluation of dollar within the Smithsonian Agreement across United States. The bubble further led to crash due to the oil crisis of October, 1973. It was found that bad news theory has been the cause behind the nature of Stock Market Crash of 1973.

爱尔兰电子商务论文代写 股市泡沫的本质

According to the researchers, the historical bubbles have emerged as the opportunity of new market and technologies emergence and the high returns are pursued by the investors. This extends in the euphoria of the rising stock prices wherein the credit expansion causes the inflation of bubble. Therefore, in the manic phase, the investors rush to get their money out from the investment and move it within the illiquid elements such as stock, real estate and commodities. The investments are made by the individuals without the understanding of the involved processes that result in market to stop growing and the individuals that reply on the borrowed funds find themselves in a distressed situation. This results in the unexplained failures and followed by the discredit. The final phase is panic of self-feeding in which the bubble bursts and the people rush to sell the stocks.

代写论文-商业交易

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代写论文 商业交易

人们发现，当伦敦的企业发行股票时，这些组织在第一次商业交易之前就获得了资金。由于英国政府在1825年之前禁止股票发行，这些组织停止向投资者支付股息。然而，伦敦证券交易所最初是在1801年成立的。这导致了伦敦证券交易所在1817年阻止了纽约证券交易所的出现。

代写论文 商业交易

纽约证券交易所自第一天起就开始交易股票。由于缺乏竞争，纽交所成为美国最强大的证券交易所，它在纽约的经济中定位。

代写论文 商业交易

伦敦证券交易所仍然是欧洲国家的主要市场，而纽约证交所仍然是美国和全球的主要交易所。研究人员指出，最初的挑战发生在1971年。金融行业监管机构和全国证券交易商协会成立了纳斯达克证券交易所。

代写论文 商业交易

来自纳斯达克的电子交易在竞争中给个人带来了各种优势。最基本的因素是对买卖价差的减少。大多数泡沫是通过恐慌性抛售造成的，这导致市场下跌，最终崩溃。

代写论文 商业交易

It is found that when the businesses in the London issued shares, the organizations were securing funds before when the first business transaction was made. The organizations stopped the payment of dividends to the investors as a result of which the England government banned the shares issuance till 1825. However, the London Stock Exchange was formed initially in the year of 1801. This resulted in the limited exchange that prevented London Stock Exchange prevents the emergence of New York Stock Exchange in the year of 1817.
The New York Stock Exchange has been trading stocks since the initial day. The NYSE became the strongest stock exchange in the nation due to the lack of competition and it’s positioning within the New York economy.
The London Stock Exchange remained primary market for the European nations while the NYSE remained primary exchange from United States and the globe. The researchers indicate that the initial challenge took place in the year of 1971. The organizations namely Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and National Association of Securities Dealers established the NASDAQ stock exchange.
The electronic trading from NASDAQ provided with various advantages to the individuals over the competition. The essential element was the reduction of the spread for bid-ask. Majority of the bubbles are created through the panic selling that causes the market to decline and eventually crash.

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在研究股市泡沫之前，必须了解与股市泡沫有关的积极反馈。当股价上涨吸引投资者的注意力时，积极的反馈就会发生。这一吸引力导致投资者忽视了对股票本质的研究，因为研究人员已经确定，价格的增长被投资者认为是一个充分的理由，用于进行可观的投资。此外，额外的投资可以使积极反馈回路的完成产生积极的效果。

考虑到类似于动态系统，金融市场的运作处于一种平衡状态，这种平衡在本质上是不断变化的，这导致了价格的波动。然而，市场上出现了一种自我调整的负面反馈。这被认为是由正反馈组成的系统在不断增长的不平衡中进入。这在金融泡沫中是显而易见的，资产价格垂直于可以被视为经济价值的价值，而这是理性的，之后它就会迅速下降。

通过文献，我们发现新的全球金融体系是由布雷顿森林会议的代表们商定的。这一制度得到了国际货币基金组织的支持，它是一个新的机构，其宏观经济的稳定性和经济增长被视为保证和平的因素。战后布雷顿森林协议的消亡导致了贸易冲突、低增长、通货膨胀和汇率波动的出现。在这里，金融的价值从商品转移到对价值的信心。