标签存档： 英国essay代写

英国essay代写：聚丙烯(PP)

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英国essay代写：聚丙烯(PP)。聚丙烯(PP)被认为是一种线性聚合物烃。用CnH2n的形式表示。化合物聚乙烯和聚丁烯(PB)是一种产品，是一种聚烯烃或饱和聚合物。聚丙烯估计是应用中最通用的聚合物之一。它们可以是塑料的，也可以是任何纤维的。所有塑料终端用户都普遍使用这种方法。接下来英国essay代写将对一般聚丙烯进行以下分析。

聚丙烯的这些特性被认为是半刚性、半透明和良好的耐化学性。这可以是坚韧的坚固材料，具有良好的抗疲劳性。它们具有整体铰链性能，也具有良好的耐热性(Doran & Cather, 2013)。聚丙烯不会出现这些问题，在复杂的温度下，它提供了更高水平的电阻和耐化学性。聚丙烯所表现出的性能与聚乙烯相似。然而，有一些细微的先天差异。这些包括较低的密度，较高的软化点。它们具有较高的刚性、非弹性和硬度。这些添加剂应用于这些商业生产的聚丙烯树脂。这些用于在加工过程中保护聚合物和增强这些最终用途。聚丙烯被认为是一种易于注射的材料，尽管它是半结晶的性质。有一些机械性能导致较低的熔体粘度。值得讨论的是，在较高剪切速率下，聚丙烯增强了这些冲击。在这种情况下，注射成型的熔体温度在200和250℃左右。除此之外，还有一些阻燃等级只有在220℃时才能正常工作。熔体流动指数表示关于熔体流动行为的更粗略的指导Haque等人，2008)。

这些结果形成了聚丙烯的伪塑性性质。聚丙烯的成型收缩率约为1%。由于聚丙烯模具的种类不同，其数值的预测较为困难。目前市场上有三种聚丙烯。这三种聚丙烯目前是可见的。每一套衣服都是一个特定的规格。均聚物被认为是一种通用等级，可用于一系列不同的应用。嵌段共聚物是另一种含5-15%以上乙烯的聚合物。它们在零下20摄氏度以下的温度下具有更好的抵抗能力。韧性可以通过在共混过程中添加传统弹性体的冲击改性剂来增强。随机共聚物反映为具有以随机方式排列的共同单体单元。它们沿着聚丙烯长链分子排列。有不同形式的OO等级可供依赖于应用程序和所选择的处理方法。

Polypropylene (PP) is considered to be a linear polymer hydrocarbon. It is denoted in the form of CnH2n. The compounds Polyethylene and polybutene (PB) is a product that is a polyolefin or saturated polymers. The Polypropylene is estimated to be one of the most versatile polymers that are available in applications. These can be in the form of plastic or of any fibre. This is used in ubiquitously all plastic end-users.

These properties of Polypropylene are deliberated to be semi-rigid, translucent and good chemical resistance. This can be tough robust material that has a good fatigue resistance. They have the integral hinge property and also a good heat resistance (Doran & Cather, 2013). The Polypropylene will not present with the problems and it offers higher level of electrical and chemical resistance at the sophisticated temperature. The properties that are exhibited by PP are similar to the Polyethylene. However, there are some minute innate differences. These include lower density, higher point of softening. They have a higher level of rigidity, inelasticity and hardness. These additives are applied to these commercially produced polypropylene resins. These are used for the protection of the polymer during the processing and for the enhancement of these end uses. Polypropylene is deemed to be an easy material for the injection of the mould that is used in spite of the semi crystalline nature. There are some of the mechanical properties that lead to the lower melt viscoscity. It is noteworthy to discuss about the pseudo plastic nature and the polypropylene enhances these impacts at higher shear rates. In this case, the melt temperatures of the injection moulding are around 200 and 250oC. Added to this, there are some of the flame-retardant grades which will operate properly only when it is 220oC. The melt flow index indicates about the rougher guide for the melt flow behaviour Haque et al., 2008).

These results form the pseudo plastic nature of polypropylene. Moulding shrinkage by the polypropylene is perceived to be around 1%. The prediction of the values is difficult as it is based on the kinds of polypropylene mouldings. Three kinds of polypropylene are currently available in the markets. These three kinds of polypropylene are currently visible. Each of the suits is a particular specification that is costing. Homopolymers is pondered to be a general-purpose grade that can be utilized in a series of different

以上内容就是英国essay代写对聚丙烯(PP)的分析。如果同学们没有足够的时间来完成英语文与作业，论文代写推荐选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务公司。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量与合理的论文代写价格。除此之外，还为留学生提供英国essay代写、英国作业代写、硕士论文代写等服务，留学生们可以扫描本网站二维码随时在线咨询哦!

英国essay代写：超市行业的经济分析

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英国essay代写：超市行业的经济分析。超市行业是现代商业的有效组成部分，如今该行业发展迅速。超市行业的销售额一直在增长，这就是为什么食品杂货市场的机会一直在日益发展。另一方面，超市行业是澳大利亚最具竞争力的行业之一。然而，澳大利亚市场上有各种各样的超市，如Woolworths, Coles, Aldi等。像Aldi和Woolworths这样的超市的快速发展或扩张是分析中最有趣的部分。接下来英国essay代写将对超市行业的经济进行以下分析。

英国essay代写分析和评估超市行业的市场结构

经济学家对超市行业的结构进行了有效的分析。一个行业的结构可以被认为是一个行业的预测行为。主要是一个行业的结构可以有效地影响该行业的盈利能力。在这种情况下，可以看出，超市行业的每一项活动都可以依赖于结构。然而，在这个行业，这些公司一直在相互提供高水平的竞争。因此，企业的营销策略和定价策略是企业经营过程中非常重要的一部分。在澳大利亚市场上，有一些主要的超市，超市的名字有Aldi, Coles, Woolworths, IGA等。除了澳大利亚的超级市场，市场上也有一些非超级市场。非超市企业获得了11.8%的市场份额，但除此之外，超市行业还获得了其他部分的市场份额。

英国essay代写对社会成本效益分析

在过去五年中，Woolworths、Coles集团和Aldi一直在有效增长。在这种情况下，非常重要的是要确定Woolworths已经获得了32.7%的市场，Coles集团有28.8%，Aldi有172.1% (Van Thuong, Thanh & Le Khang, 2019)。因此，这些都是澳大利亚超市行业的主要市场领导者。与此同时，还有其他超市，如IGA, Star Mart，他们在市场的其他部分有一席之地，但他们的效果不太好。因此，他们需要更多地关注他们的商业战略，以增长他们的经济因素。此外，通过下面的分析，可以对超市行业的经济结构进行详细的分析。

英国essay代写对投入产出分析

这是微观经济分析的形式，基于经济部门之间的相互依赖。基本上，为了发展业务，Woolworths和Coles集团降低了产品和服务的价格。这样，他们才能在竞争激烈的市场中获得适当的相互依存的机会。除此之外，行业运营商一直在降低运营成本，并接受较低的利润率(Choi, Rabinovich & Richards, 2019)。这就是他们如何有效地在现代商业中保持竞争力。超市一直在开发新店，这可以帮助他们提高销售额。

因此，这是超市行业的主要市场结构，为了发展业务，公司需要正确地了解这种结构。这可以促进他们的商业战略，他们的利润率可以发展(Wu & Qiu, 2019)。

Analyse and evaluate the market structure of the supermarket industry

The economists have been analysed effectively regarding the structure of the supermarket industry. The structure of an industry can be identified as a predict behaviour of the industry. Mainly, the structure of an industry can effectively influence the profitability of the industry. In this case, it can be seen that the each and every activity of the supermarket industry can be depended on the structure. However, in this industry, the companies have been providing high level of competition to each other. Therefore, the marketing strategy and the pricing strategy of the companies is very important part of their business process. In the Australian market, there are some major supermarkets and the names of the supermarkets are Aldi, Coles, Woolworths, IGA and so on. Along with the supermarkets of Australia, there are some non supermarkets in the market as well. The non supermarket companies have gained 11.8% market, but apart from this, other parts of the market have gained by the supermarket industry.

Social cost-benefit analysis

In the last five years the Woolworths, Coles group and Aldi have been growing effectively. In this situation, it is very important to identify that Woolworths have gained 32.7% market, Coles group has 28.8%, Aldi has 172.1% (Van Thuong, Thanh & Le Khang, 2019). Thus, these are the main market leaders of the Australian supermarket industry. Along with this, there are other supermarkets like IGA, Star Mart who have the place on other parts of the market, but they are not much effective. Hence, they need to take care of their business strategy more in terms of growing their economical factors. Moreover, the detail of the economical structure of the supermarket industry can be identified with the help of below analysis.

Input-output analysis

This is the form of the microeconomic analysis and this is based on the interdependencies between the economic sectors. Basically, for developing the business Woolworths and Coles Group cut their prices of the products and services. Like this, they can proper get the chance of interdependence their business in the competitive market. Apart from this, the industry operators have been decreasing their operation costs and accept the lower margins also (Choi, Rabinovich & Richards, 2019). This is how they effectively stay competitive in the modern business. The supermarkets have been developing new stores which can be helpful for them to enhance their sales.

Therefore, this is the main market structure of the supermarket industry and in order to develop the business, the companies need to understand the structure in a proper way. This can boost their business strategy and their profit margins can be developed (Wu & Qiu, 2019).

以上内容就是英国essay代写对超市行业的经济分析。如果留学生们对英语论文格式不了解无法完成essay，论文代写推荐选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量与合理的论文代写价格。除此之外，还为留学生提供英国essay代写、英国作业代写、硕士论文代写等服务，留学生们可以扫描本网站二维码随时在线咨询哦!

论文代写：全球化对日本儿童的影响

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论文代写：全球化对日本儿童的影响。在日本已经观察到全球化的影响，但日本不是全球化的拥护者，也不是利用全球化到在其社会的经济阶层有更大的涓滴效应的人。这使得日本对菲茨帕特里克提出的全球化的不同观点持怀疑态度。日本人很少出国留学，移民的流入和流出也相当低。净移民几乎为零(《日本时报》，2018)。在这方面，全球化对从概念上理解的任何国家解决儿童贫困问题的影响都不大。接下来论文代写专家将全球化对日本儿童的影响进行以下分析。

该国的经济自由度得分为72.3，截至2018年，其经济自由度在世界上排名第30位(Heritage, 2018)。总体得分上升2.7分左右，说明财政状况良好。然而，由于不灵活的劳动法和高度管制的招聘系统，全球企业在该国面临问题(Thelen和Kume, 1999)。平均关税为1.4%，而且还存在阻碍贸易的非关税壁垒。

在全球化在国内不太受欢迎的情况下，儿童贫困率的改善速度较慢。大约350万日本儿童属于相对贫困的家庭(根据经合组织的比较指南)。他们的家庭收入低于全国可支配收入的中位数。截至2015年，与2012年相比，情况有所改善。2012年，卫生、劳动和福利省称，该国在儿童贫困方面处于最糟糕的时期。然而，这种改善表明，还有更多的空间。

与日本等工业化国家相比，单亲家庭的情况并没有改善。单亲家庭贫困率高达50.8%。与其他经合组织国家相比，日本的数字较低。经合组织的平均水平为13.3%，日本为11.4%。单亲母亲家庭被贷款压垮了。法律援助不仅仅是经济上的，还帮助儿童接受教育。此外，全球化引入的一体化劳动观念的缺乏使这些单身母亲不断面临风险。在没有足够就业机会的欧洲和北欧国家，有针对失业者的公共援助计划。然而，在日本，这部分“不稳定的工人别无选择，只能接受不充分就业。这些不稳定阶层在恶劣的工作条件下从事非自愿的兼职和临时工作，部分或完全被禁止获得社会保障(Bhalla和Lapeyre, 2004年，第71页)。这在经济上耗尽了单身母亲的精力，让孩子失去了社会地位。事实上，这种不稳定的工作需求迫使日本单身母亲从“约舍场”(yoseba)或临时劳动力市场中作为临时工工作，转向由管理者控制的剥削性劳动力市场，称为“nunpudashi”或工人寄宿公寓(Webster, 2001)。对全球化机遇的不充分利用导致国家和工人与资本主义增长进行斗争，这反过来阻止了经济中的涓滴效应，并将斗争的责任放在了工人身上。因此，在需要采取法律措施加以纠正的情况下，儿童贫困成为一种不希望出现的结果。

Globalization effects have been observed in Japan, but Japan was not a champion of globalization or of making use of it to such an extent to have a greater trickle-down benefit in economic stratum of its society. This makes Japan a sceptic in the different perspectives of globalization presented by Fitzpatrick. FDI flows were at the highest globally in 2007, however in Japan, it was observed that the country missed out on the FDI boom and its overall contribution in FDI was around 2 percent in GDP only. There were less mergers and acquisitions (around 2 percent in world value) which puts the trade of Japan at the outliers. The share of imports is low. In terms of tourism which globalization is said to have impacted in a positive way, Japan has less than 10 percent foreign tourism compared to China and the Eastern Block. Very little Japanese study abroad and inflows and outflows in immigration are quite low. Net immigration is nearly zero (The Japan Times, 2018). In this context, the influence of globalization with respect to addressing child poverty situation for any country as understood conceptually would not be great.

The economic freedom score of the country is 72.3 and its economy is the thirtieth freest in the world as of 2018 (Heritage, 2018). The overall score increases of around 2.7 shows its good fiscal health. However, global businesses face issues with the country because of inflexible labour laws and a recruitment system that is highly regimented (Thelen and Kume, 1999). The average tariff rate is 1.4 percent and in addition, there are non-tariff barriers that impeded trade in the country.

In this context of globalization being not so well received within the country, the child poverty rate shows slower improvement. Around 3.5 million Japanese children belong to a household that is in relative poverty (as per OECD comparison guidelines). Their household income falls below the median national disposable income. As of 2015, there was some improvement as compared to 2012 when the Health Labour and Welfare Ministry stated that the country was at its worst with respect to child poverty. However, the improvement shows that there is scope for more.

Compared to industrialized nations similar to Japan, the situation has not improved for single parent homes. Poverty rate in single parent households were at a high of 50.8 percent. Compared against the other OECD countries, Japan has a lower figure. OECD average is 13.3 percent and Japan’s falls at 11.4 percent. Single mother households are held down by loans. More than economical, legal aid was brought into effect to help children receive an education. In addition, the lack of integrating labour concepts introduced through globalization puts these single mothers at continuous risks. In European and Nordic countries where there is no adequate employment, then there are public assistance schemes available for the unemployed. However, in Japan, this “precarious segments of workers have no alternative but to accept underemployment. These precarious segments are occupied in involuntary part-time and temporary employment under poor working conditions and are partially or fully barred from access to social security (Bhalla and Lapeyre, 2004, p.71). This drains the single mothers economically and leaves the children social bereft. In fact, such precarious needs to work pushes Japanese single mothers from working as causal labourers in the “yoseba” or the casual labour market to the exploitive labour markets controlled by managers, called the “nunpudashi” or worker boarding houses (Webster, 2001). Underexploiting the opportunities in globalization has led the country and its labourers into a fight with capitalistic growth and this in turn stops trickle down benefits in economy and puts the onus on the workers to struggle. Child poverty hence becomes an undesired outcome in the situation requiring legal measure to correct it.

以上内容就是全球化对日本儿童的影响分析。如果留学生们没有足够的时间来完成英语论文与作业，论文代写推荐留学生选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量与合理的论文代写价格。除此之外，还为留学生提供essay代写、assignment代写、硕士毕业论文代写等服务，从而让留学生们轻松应对论文写作并创作出专属个人的优秀论文!

英国essay代写：新艺术

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英国essay代写：新艺术。新艺术(Art Nouveau)是一种摆脱世界传统艺术思想的自由精神，是为了更好地利用传统艺术，使其在世界范围内适用。新艺术运动的目标是平衡主要和次要的艺术形式，并引入一种适用于所有情况的艺术形式。换句话说，这种艺术形式具有一种社会信息，即将实用与美丽相结合。这种艺术形式的优势在于对一个人的思维过程没有限制。它恰好是在其他地方看不到的独特结构中有趣的设计思想的中心。接下来英国essay代写专家对新艺术的分析。

新艺术最初被称为新艺术，因为它被发现结合了英国的艺术和工艺运动，也混乱了维多利亚时代形成的现有设计。它起源于日本艺术和维多利亚艺术形式著名的时代。在这种情况下，维多利亚时代的艺术通常意味着艺术殖民地的发展。它从图案和花卉背景开始，然后扩展到木块。在美国和欧洲，由于长线条被广泛应用于室内设计、海报和建筑，它被称为一种装饰/装饰艺术。在获得认可后不久，它就发生了变化，并引入了新的字体和图案，如印刷术和刻字。

新艺术运动被称为艺术的运动，它不限制个人的创作能力，因为它可以应用于任何需要，它也鼓励设计和想法的自由流动。虽然许多德国人使用这种形式，但它迅速蔓延到其他国家，并扩展到较小的城市，如达姆施塔特和其他欧洲当地人的建筑。德国人称之为Jugenstil。它保证了宏伟，改变了当代建筑过去的风格。例如，巴黎的许多建筑使用瓷砖和陶土的组合，使房子独特。它无疑成为了一个热门，并被视为艺术家的选择。新艺术随后被用于商业品牌、珠宝和其他视觉交流形式。

新艺术的形式和风格被艺术家同化

新艺术是一种借助于多种材料的装饰风格。作为工业革命的结果，新艺术被压印在钢、铁、玻璃和陶瓷上(Horth pars。8 – 12)。这种风格也被用于灯饰和混凝土的制造。艺术运动以其形式而闻名，如突然的暴力曲线，雕塑在不对称的形状，杂乱的形状，抛物线和双曲线。有许多元素吸收了洛可可风格，其中包括贝壳纹理。

新艺术的自然形式包括自然元素和象征动植物的符号。这类似于象征主义风格(Eadie 9-13)。然而，新艺术的不同之处在于它具有独特的外观。风格和形式根据目的的不同而不同。例如，很少有艺术家使用这种形式来创作绘画、雕塑和珠宝，而许多人则将其用于商业目的、建筑、时尚和家居项目。

Art Nouveau indicates the spirit of freedom from the traditional thoughts of art in the world and is meant to utilize conventional art in a better way to make it applicable throughout the world. The objective of Art Nouveau is to balance the major and minor art forms and to introduce an art form that is applicable on all instances . In other words, this art form has a social message which is to mingle utility and beauty. The advantage with this art form is the absence of restrictions to one’s thought process. It happens to be a hub of interesting design ideas in unique structures that are seen nowhere else.

Art Nouveau was initially termed as new art as it was found to combine the arts and crafts movement of Britain and also clutter the existing designs formed during Victorian era. It originated during the times when Japanese art and Victorian art form were famous. Victorian art typically means the development of art colonies in this instance. It started with patterns and floral backgrounds and then extended to wooden blocks. It was addressed as an ornamental/decorative art in US and Europe due to the long lines that were widely used in interior designs, posters and architecture. Soon after it gained recognition, it underwent changes and new blocks and patterns such as typography and lettering were introduced.

Art Nouveau is called a movement of art with no limits on one’s creative ability as it can be applied to any need and it also encourages free flow of designs and ideas. While many Germans made use of this form, it rapidly spread to other countries and extended to architecture in smaller cities like Darmstadt and other European locals. Germans called it Jugenstil. It assured grandeur and changed the way the contemporary architecture used to be. For example, many buildings in Paris used a combination of tiles and terracotta to make the house unique. It undoubtedly became a hit and regarded as the choice of artists. Art Nouveau has then been used for business branding, jewelry and other visual forms of communication.

Forms and styles of Art Nouveau assimilated by artists

Art Nouveau belongs to the ornamental style that was used with the help of a number of materials. As a result of industrial revolution, Art Nouveau was embossed on steel, iron, glass and ceramics (Horth pars. 8-12). The style was also adopted in the manufacturing of lights and concrete. The art movement is known for its forms such as abrupt violent curve, sculpture in asymmetrical shapes, cluttered shapes, parabolas and hyperbolas. There were many elements that imbibed the Rococo style and these include shell textures.

The natural form of Art Nouveau included natural elements and symbols that denoted flora and fauna. This resembled the symbolist style (Eadie 9-13). However, Art Nouveau differed in the point that it had a unique appearance. The styles and forms differed based on the purpose. For instance, few artists used this form to create paintings, sculptures, and jewelry, while many others used it for business purpose, architecture, fashion and home furnishing items.

以上内容就是英国essay代写专家对新艺术的分析。如果留学生们没有足够的时间来完成英语论文与作业，论文代写推荐留学生选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量与合理的论文代写价格。除此之外，还为留学生提供essay代写、assignment代写、硕士论文代写等服务，从而让留学生们轻松应对论文写作并创作出专属个人的优秀论文!

论文代写：新西兰的税收分析

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论文代写：新西兰的税收分析。新西兰制定了2007年所得税法，其目的是对个人净收入进行界定和征税。该法案规定了与税收有关的义务，并为履行所规定的义务规定了计算税收的规则。在新西兰，税收是由税务局(IRD)代表新西兰政府在全国范围内征收的。所得税是一种根据收入的不同，由法律规定对个人和单位征收的税收。接下来论文代写专家将对新西兰的税收进行以下分析。

税收分为直接税和间接税，例如，直接税占税收收入的60%。根据收入的多少，新西兰的所得税是非常重要的。它是政府收入的主要来源。在新西兰，所得税税率为:14,000美元以下为10.5%，14,000美元至48,000美元为17.5%，约48,000美元至70,000美元为30%，70,000美元以上为33%。

完善的税收制度至关重要。它坚持三个原则，这是公平，效率，简单，它旨在提高收入，重新分配财富和控制经济活动(Theunissen, 2017)。在新西兰，只有议会有权决定征税的地点和方式。2007年所得税法SBB1规定，年度税法规定了计算所得税时应纳税所得额的固定税率。根据《所得税法》和《1994年税收管理法》，根据应税收入比率计算的金额应支付给王室。

2007年所得税法是目前所得税评估的法律。ITA 2007的BD1(1)规定，如果C部分满足金额，则为收入。收入的分类可以通过立法和判例法两种方式简化。CA 1涉及一个一般原则，如果它被立法确定为收入或在普通概念中满足，那么它就是收入。CA1(1)是判例法中根据不同案件情况而产生的基于普通概念的收入认定。

判例法证明，为了审查确定收入的情况，必须确定收入的特征。如果收据项目满足主要或大部分收入特征，那么该项目就被归类为收入。

MacNaghten勋爵在伦敦郡议会诉司法部长[1901]AC 26中指出，所得税是对收入征税，而不是对其他任何东西征税。纳税评估根据来源的性质而不同。新西兰税基确认，一旦发生收入牵引，就应该对收入征税，因为纳税是法律规定的责任。MacNaghten勋爵提出的方法很可能是调度方法。应纳税所得额的标准因来源的不同而不同。按照scheduler的方法，收益和收益是分开的，每个类别对损失和支出的评估、收取和扣除有不同的规则。

在新西兰现行的税收政策中，收入来源的性质是不分的。税收的评估是基于来源金额，称为全球方法。以前，新西兰税法是在净调度器制度下运行的。从1997年起，新西兰开始实行全球所得税。因此，收益和收入与允许的扣除相结合，而不管收入的类型和产生的方式，都是基于应纳税总额的税率。

Taxes are classified as direct and indirect taxes, for instance, direct income tax is classified as 60% of the tax revenue. NZ income tax is significant according to the amount of revenue. It is the main resource of government revenue. In NZ, the rate of Income Tax is 10.5% up to $ 14,000, 17.5% for $ 14,000 to $ 48,000, 30% for about $ 48,000 to $ 70,000 and 33% for above $ 70,000.

A well-developed tax system is essential. It adheres to 3 principles, which are equity, efficiency, simplicity and it is aimed towards raising revenue, reallocating wealth and controlling economic activities (Theunissen, 2017). In New Zealand, only the parliament has the right to decide where and how to charge tax. The Income Tax Act 2007 has SBB1 stating that an annual tax act regulates the fixed rate on the taxable income for calculating the income tax. The amount calculated by the rates of taxable income is payable to the Crown under the Income Tax Act and the Tax Administration Act 1994.

Income Tax Act 2007 is the current act for income tax assessment. BD1 (1) of ITA 2007 states that if the amount is satisfied by part C, then it is income. The classification of income can be simplified by two ways, legislation and case law. CA 1 involves a general principle that the amount is income if it is identified as income by legislation or satisfied in the ordinary concept. CA1 (1) is the identification of income based on ordinary concept that was created in case law based on the circumstances of different cases.

Case law has testified that for examination of the circumstances that identify income, it is required to determine the characteristic of the receipts. If the items of receipts satisfy the primary or most income characteristics, then the item is classified as being an income.

Lord MacNaghten states in London County Council – v – Attorney General [1901] AC 26 that income tax is tax on income, and it is not meant to be a tax on anything else. Tax assessment varies according to the nature of the source. NZ tax base has confirmed that once the income traction occurs, the income should be taxed as paying tax is the responsibility regulated by the law. The approach stated by Lord MacNaghten is likely to be scheduler approach. The standard of taxable income varies based on different nature of source. As per scheduler approach, the gains and receipts are separated, and each category has different rules to assess, collect and deduct the loss and expenditure.

In the current taxation policy of NZ, the nature of the source of income is regardless. The assessment of the tax is based on the source amount, called the global approach. Previously, NZ tax law was operational in net scheduler regime. From 1997, the global income tax has been adopted in NZ. Therefore, gains and receipts are combined with permissible deductions, irrespective of the type of income and the way it was incurred based on the tax rate of overall taxable amount.

以上内容就是论文代写专家对新西兰的税收分析。若要问论文代写哪家更专业可靠?论文代写推荐留学生选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量与合理的论文代写价格。除此之外，还为留学生提供essay代写、assignment代写、硕士论文代写等服务，从而让留学生们轻松应对论文写作并创作出专属个人的优秀论文!

英国essay格式：新西兰的社会契约

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英国essay格式：新西兰的社会契约。在大多数政治社会文献中，社会契约的定义是，政府与人民签订的契约，人民声明他们将如何被管理的条款。在当今时代，新西兰的社会契约已经为政府和毛利人以及其他新西兰人之间更好的关系铺平了道路(Rivers, 2014)。社会契约不仅对教育系统有用，而且对国家的其他经济福利方面也是必要的因素。这表明，即使政府是国家所有政策的中心，人民也有一些自治权。因此，它为不同社区的人们和土地之间带来了更好的联系。接下来英国essay格式专家将为同学们分析下新西兰的社会契约。

在新西兰，由于《怀唐伊条约》，存在着明确的社会契约。它提高了新西兰的教育质量，因为人们能够从他们的文化中学习。在教育社会学中，土地与文化和传统的联系是研究对象。社会学和历史学的一般传统被纳入到背景中，这样，在那个教育系统中的学生尊重他们的传统，仍然对新的经验开放。

Lourie(2014)指出，国家的双文化政策发展确实很强。它早在1984年就由工党政府制定，人们认为工党政府在教育方面为毛利人民创造了更好的社会正义。在其开始时，重点是承认毛利族人民所遭受的不公正待遇，并确保通过该政策对他们所面临的任何社会或经济不平等进行调整。双文化教育政策实质上是帮助毛利人和更好地融入新西兰社会的一种形式。

“双文化教育政策被认为是解决义务教育部门Māori学生教育成绩不足的持续挑战的一种手段”(Codd, 2005, p.193)。双文化教育政策确实改变了毛利学生的社会状况。

特别是在过去的20年里，人们观察到，从新西兰的单一文化体系到双文化体系给毛利人带来了许多有益的影响。现在有许多毛利教育工作者，他们是毛利儿童的过渡和教育激励者。一个尊重tereo(毛利语言)和nga tikanga毛利(毛利文化)的教育系统并不存在(Thrupp, 1999)。

根据Peters和Marshall(1989)的研究，支持毛利人和更多新西兰人口的教育政策制定历史在四个州进行。根据本研究，这两个阶段分别是同化阶段和负离子阶段、文化差异阶段、多元文化主义和双文化主义。现在在同化阶段的教育政策制定中，重点是要有一个主导系统，教育规则是由主导种族制定的，其他所有人都被同化了。这里提出了更好的聚合。然而，这导致了文化剥夺的情况，学生，特别是毛利人，失去了对文化和传统的接触。人们再次看到，新西兰通过解决毛利儿童的问题和引进对非白族文化的白族容忍的概念，来应对其在教育方面面临的社会挑战。当时，对其他宗教或少数民族的宽容是社会学的一个重要概念。然而，随着时间的推移，这个国家开始理解双文化主义是改善教育的一种方式。目前，毛利人开启了教育的双文化阶段，对毛利人教育的框架理解变得更加容易(Robinson et al.， 1996;Spoonley, 1999)。作为教育社会契约的重要组成部分，双文化主义带来了四个主要的好处。这些都被认为在教育系统中发挥了非常积极的作用。

In New Zealand, an explicit social contract exists because of the Treaty of Waitangi. It has improved the quality of education in New Zealand as people are able to learn from their culture. In sociology of education, the connections to culture and tradition of the land are studies. General traditions in sociology and historyare drawn into context so that students in that educational system respect their traditions and are still open to newer experiences.

Lourie (2014) stated the bicultural policy development in the country was indeed a strong one. It was developed as early as in 1984 by the Labour Government which was observed to have created better social justice in education for the Maori people. In the beginning of its inception, the focus was to acknowledge the injustice that wassuffered by the Maori people and ensure that any social or economic inequality which they faced as a consequence was adjusted for through the policy. The bicultural education policy was in essence a form of helping aspect for the Maoris and for better integration of the New Zealand society.

“Bicultural education policy is thought to be a means of addressing the ongoing challenge of educational underachievement of Māori students in the compulsory schooling sector” (Codd, 2005, p.193). Bicultural education policy did indeed change the social landscape for Maori students.

In the last 20 years in particular, it has been observed that from the NZ monocultural system to the bicultural system has resulted in much beneficial impact for Maoris. Many Maori educators are present now who serve as a transition and educational motivator for Maori children. A schooling system that respect the tereo (the Maori language) and the nga tikanga Maori (the Maori culture) are not present (Thrupp, 1999).

The history of educational policy making for supporting the Maoris and the greater New Zealand population has been carried out in four states according to researchers Peters and Marshall (1989). According to this research, the phases are assimilation phase and interanion phase, the cultural difference phase, multiculturalism and biculturalism. Now in the educational policy making in assimilation phase, the focus was on having a dominant system where educational rules were made up by the dominant race and everyone else was assimilated into it. Better aggregation was proposed to be achieved here. However, this led to cultural deprivation situation where the students, especially the Maoris in particular were losing their touch of cultural, their tradition etc. Once again, New Zealand was seen to rise to meet its social challenged when it comes to education by addressing the problems of the Maori child and introduced the concept of Pakehatolerance of non-Pakeha culture. This was a time when tolerance for other religions or minorities and for the others was a big concept in sociology. However, over time, the country came to understand biculturalism as the way to improve education. In the current, Maori initiated bicultural stage of education, it has become easier to frame understanding of Maori education (Robinson et al., 1996; Spoonley, 1999). Biculturalism which is a major part of the social contract in education has resulted in four key benefits. These are considered as having played a very positive role in educational system。

以上内容就是英国essay格式对新西兰的社会契约分析。如果同学们没有足够的时间来完成英语论文与作业，论文代写推荐留学生选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量且并使用正确的essay格式。除此之外，还为留学生提供essay代写、assignment代写、硕士论文代写等服务，从而让留学生们轻松应对论文写作并创作出专属个人的优秀论文!

英国代写论文：地球上生命起源的假说

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英国代写论文：地球上生命起源的假说。有一些科学家认为，当来自其他星球的孢子传播到这个星球时，生命就开始了，这个过程被称为生源说(Lal, 2008)。然而，当一个人谈论生命及其延续时，他会着眼于遗传、转化、能量和生长等等。地球上的生命一直都是由细胞构成的，它们是结构和基本单位。这些细胞有细胞膜，将细胞内容物与外部环境分开。这种细胞膜是由有机分子组成的，其中含有氧、氮、氢、硫、碳和磷酸盐，这些分子发展成了现在的生命形式。因此，我们需要追溯这种进化，以理解整个过程是如何开始的。在接下来的内容中，英国代写论文专家将分析下地球上生命起源的假说。

有人曾提到，支持化学变化是产生生命的最重要过程的科学证据并不存在，但人们并不缺乏支持不同理论的不同假设，特别是与解释自然过程有关的假设。描述这些过程是很重要的，因为它与目前支持上述过程的地质证据是一致的。也有一些步骤需要讨论:

生命起源于简单的细胞，这些细胞有由有机分子组成的细胞膜。这些有机分子含有单糖和核苷酸，这些物质现在也存在于所有细胞中。

在酶的帮助下，这些分子通过催化反应生成聚合物。这些基因被发现包含遗传信息，有助于基因链的复制和编码(Fox, Dose and Oparin, 1997)。

原始细胞或RNA随着聚合物复制细胞是细胞内和系统内发生代谢反应的必要条件。当这一过程在细胞内发生时，膜是细胞内容物与外部环境分离的唯一途径。膜是一种脂质双分子层，具有半透性和疏水性(Oparin, 2003)。

我们可以有把握地说，不管支持地球上生命起源的假设是什么，都有一个共同的结论，那就是具有遗传信息的细胞复制。这意味着遗传特征和特征已经被传递，细胞膜允许不同的生命过程在细胞内发生。

这就引出了下一个问题，如果有机分子存在或形成了，它们又如何对地球上生命和细胞的形成起作用呢?很少有实验和理论试图证明这一点。

Miller-Urey实验:该实验起源于20世纪50年代，研究有机分子和无机化合物的形成，以产生我们讨论过的东西，并得出结论，它被活细胞用于复制和生长(Urey, 1952)。

地球是一个曾经有过彗星、陨石和伴随而来的尘埃的地方。

当对这些尘埃颗粒进行分析时，发现它们也含有有机分子。它们可能形成了细胞和生命的分子。它们的存在也更容易解释，因为它们可能来自以下三种来源中的任何一种:有低温喷口的海床，米勒-尤里化学提供的解释，以及来自外太空或其他行星的粒子。

人们的猜测一直围绕着这些有机分子的起源、存在和形成。这是因为有机分子的存在，它们的浓度，它们形成聚合物和氨基酸的能力，这些聚合物和氨基酸进一步形成多肽链，不断折叠并产生更多的蛋白质分子，这也可以说是生命的基础。这些过程连同核糖(糖的形式)、磷酸盐和含氮碱基组成RNA和DNA，它们是遗传学和遗传的关键，因此也是理解生命如何在地球上起源的重要途径(霍尔丹，1980)。

It has been mentioned that scientific evidence supporting the chemical change as the foremost process giving rise to life is not present, but one does not lack the different hypotheses supporting different theories, especially the ones related to explaining the natural processes. These processes are important to be described because it is in consistent with the geological evidence present which supports the above-mentioned process. There are few steps which need to be discussed as well:

Origin of life started from simple cells and these cells had cell membranes made out of organic molecules. These organic molecules had simple sugars and nucleotides which are also present in all cells in present day.

There was polymers formation from those molecules, followed by catalytic reactions with the help of enzymes. These are found to contain hereditary information and helps in replication and encoding of strands (Fox, Dose and Oparin, 1997).

Protocells or RNA replicating cells along with the polymers are requisites for metabolic reactions to take place, within the cell, and within the systems. When this is taking place within a cell the membrane is the only line of separation of the contents of the cells from the external environment. The membrane is a lipid bilayer which is semi permeable and is hydrophobic (Oparin, 2003).

One can safely say that irrespective of the hypothesis which supports the origin of life on earth, it all has a common conclusion which is replication of cells with genetic information. This meant that the hereditary character and the traits have been passed on, and the membranes allow the different life processes to take place within the cell.

This brings one to the next question which is if the organic molecules existed or were formed, how were they further responsible for formation of life and cells on the earth. There are few experiments and theories which try to prove this.

Miller-Urey experiment: This experiment originated back in 1950s where the formation of the organic molecules along with inorganic compounds was studied to produce what has been discussed, and conclude, it was used by cells which are alive to replicate and grow (Urey, 1952).

The earth is a place where there have been comets and meteorites and the dust that comes along with.

When the dust particles were analysed, it was seen that they had organic molecules as well. They could have been forming molecules of cells and of life. Their presence is easier to explain as well because they could have come from any of the three sources which are: the sea beds having hypothermal vents, the explanation provided by Miller-Urey chemistry and the particles from outer space or other planets.

The speculation has always been around the origin, the presence and the formation of these organic molecules. The reason for this is that the presence of organic molecules, their concentrations, their ability to form polymers and amino acids which further makes chains of polypeptides, keep folding themselves and make more molecules of protein, which again can be said is the base of life. These processes along with ribose (form of sugar), phosphate and nitrogenous base make RNA and DNA, which holds the key to genetics and hereditary, and thus and important way of understanding how life originated on the planet (Haldane, 1980).

以上内容就是英国代写论文对地球上生命起源的假说分析。如果同学们没有足够的时间来完成英语论文与作业，论文代写推荐留学生选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量且与合理的论文代写价格。除此之外，还为留学生提供essay代写、assignment代写、硕士论文代写等服务，从而让留学生们轻松应对论文写作并创作出专属个人的优秀论文!

论文代写：中国在西沙群岛填海造岛的国际压力

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论文代写：中国在西沙群岛填海造岛的国际压力。尽管北京面临着来自美国、其他东盟国家和国际社会的压力，但中国继续在西沙群岛进一步填海造岛。中国也致力于保护航行自由，并愿意与其他直接参与寻求和平解决方案的国家进行讨论。在力量平衡和安全共同体问题上，中方坚定立场，敦促美方尊重事实，采取不损害南海稳定与和平的行动。接下来论文代写将为同学们分析讨论下中国在西沙群岛填海造岛的国际压力。

中方认为，在本地区采取的行动是公正合理的，维护海洋权益和主权的努力不会改变。中国的努力不是发动战争，而是为艰难时期做好准备，避免使中国处于不利地位的冲突。中国用先进的军事装备和设施构成威胁，有可能牵制其他国家和邻国，并使自己成为一个强大的军事强国，具有核效率。

中国在南沙群岛的行动使与美国的竞争复杂化;两国的安全部门都认识到，这些行动有可能引发武装冲突，尽管多年来一直致力于防止这种情况的发生(Lygdamus.com, 2017)。中国国家主席习近平认为，国家要富强，必须坚持走发展道路，这就需要广泛利用海洋。超过300亿美元的投资被认为是无可争议的。然而，北京方面的公开讨论避免了上述投资与国家安全目标的可能联系(“杜特尔特和东南亚的美中力量平衡”，2017年)。中方认为，中国的填海造岛涉及到海上救援和研究、防灾减灾、气象观测、航行安全、海洋科学研究、渔业生产等国际义务和责任。这将为其他国家和中国在南海航行的船只提供必要的服务。

中方认真捍卫“一带一路”倡议，不愿接受任何以航行自由为幌子、侵犯主权、损害安全利益的行为。会议强调，中国坚决捍卫南海主权和相关权利，维护地区稳定与和平(Larsen, 2017)。强调努力可能破坏安全,和平与稳定对中国的过去的行为,岛复垦的积极性会被视为人们暂时实现外交收益在短期内并不是一个完整的改变整个方法(Acharya, 2017)。中国的战略旨在改变水的事实，以加强国家的地位，同时巩固与邻国的经济联系，使它们更接近中国的轨道。这将使邻国在挑战北京及其实力方面有所不同。为了维护这一战略，北京一直在调整行动，在紧张局势缓和和升级之间交替进行，以平衡南中国海地区的增量收益。这也保留了对邻国的充分善意。2012年年中，中国占领斯卡伯勒浅滩(Scarborough Shoal)，随后又在2013年底公布了新的东盟-中国关系框架。当中国在越南专属经济区移动一个石油钻井平台时，进一步加剧了紧张局势(埃默森，2017年)。

The effort of China is not to wage war but to be prepared for trying times and avoid conflict that would put China at a disadvantage. By posing to be a threat with advanced military equipment and facilities, it is possible by China to keep the other nations and neighbouring states at check and establish oneself as a formidable military power that is nuclear efficient.

The actions of the Chinese at Spratlys has complicated the rivalry with the US; security communities in both the nations have recognised that the actions have the ability of erupting into armed conflict though years have been dedicated to prevent such a situation (Lygdamus.com, 2017). Xi Jinping of China was of the opinion that it is essential to adhere to a developmental path in order to be powerful and rich as a state and this required extensive utilisation of the sea. More than $ 30 billion investments in the islands were considered indisputable. However, the public discourse of Beijing avoided possible connections of the said investment towards the nation’s security goals (“Duterte and the US-China balance of power in South-east Asia”, 2017). According to China, the island reclamation by China would be relevant in terms of international obligations and responsibilities such as maritime rescue and research, prevention of disasters and their mitigation, meteorological observation, navigational safety, scientific research in the arena of marine, fishery production and so on. This would be for the purpose of providing required services to the vessels from other nations along with China that sail in South China Sea.

China earnestly defended the initiative and was reluctant to accept any form of act that would be in the disguise of navigational freedom violating sovereignty and damaging security related interests. It was stressed that the resolute of China was in sovereignty defence and the related rights in South China Sea along with safeguarding stability and peace within the region (Larsen, 2017). It was emphasized that the efforts may undermine security, peace and stability in view of the past behaviour of China, the initiative of island reclamation would be perceived as a temporary reprieve for achieving the diplomatic gains in the short term and not a complete change to the overall approach (Acharya, 2017). The strategy of China is has been designed to alter the facts on water for strengthening the position of the nation and simultaneously cementing the economic ties with the neighbours for drawing them nearer into the orbit of China. This would make the neighbouring states vary of challenging Beijing and its power. In order to assert the strategy, Beijing has engaged in calibrating the actions and alternating among period of dialling down and ratcheting up the level of tension for balancing incremental gains in the South China Sea region. This also preserves sufficient goodwill with the neighbours. This can be exemplified by the heated period in mid – 2012 that included seize of Scarborough Shoal that was followed by unveiling the new ASEAN – China relation framework in the late 2013. Further tension was stoked when China moved an oil rig in the exclusive economic region of Vietnam (Emmerson, 2017).

以上内容就是论文代写专家对中国在西沙群岛填海造岛的国际压力的分析讨论。留学生们如果没有时间来完成英语论文或课程作业，在这时可以选择专业的英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务帮助完成。因为其服务公司的论文创作专家团队由高素质和经验丰富的学术作家组成，保障论文创作质量且没有任何抄袭或剽窃行为。除此之外，还为留学生提供essay代写、assignment代写、毕业论文代写等服务，从而让留学生们轻松应对论文写作并创作出专属个人的优秀论文!

essay代写：工程道德方面的研究分析

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essay代写：工程道德方面的研究分析。工程师的职责是监督其下属以有效的方式进行的活动。工程师有必要检查用于开发基础设施的材料的质量，因为疏忽可能会导致倒塌和建筑屋顶事故的发生。不同的社会建立了不同的工程职业道德规范。工程师有必要根据自己的能力重点关注不同活动的发生，以确保公众的健康、安全和福利。接下来essay代写专家将对工程道德方面的研究进行分析。

工程师应向利益相关者传达真实的信息，并应作为忠实的代理人和受托人向雇主或客户(Borenstein & Arkin, 2016)。要求工程师确保自己不沉迷于欺诈活动，因为它可能导致对方以货币和非货币的形式遭受损失。工程师应在工作中确保公平、诚实、公平、公正，为客户提供服务，以保障公众的安全、福利和健康。工程师的职责是只从事他们能胜任的工作。当工程师获得专业资格时，他们需要承担或执行任务。工程师应维护客户提供的信息的机密性和隐私性，在得到客户同意之前不应披露。工程师应该在不批评其他工程师的情况下抓住就业机会，不以错误的方式呈现其他工程师的做法(Burgess, 2017)。

工程道德对工作场所的影响

工程师应该遵守道德规范，因为它有助于防止组织中员工之间发生冲突。除此之外，它还强调重视整个组织的利益，而不是个人的目标。这有助于提高公司的整体绩效，并在公司的利益相关者之间建立信任。工程师有必要以真实的方式开展这些活动，为接受者提供最大的货物。如果工程师以诚实的态度履行他们的职责，那么这可能会改善公司的品牌形象，客户会被这样的组织所吸引，并愿意支付溢价，因为它为他们创造了价值(Kirkman, 2017)。

除此之外，工程师应该为那些其服务被用来有效地满足其客户需求的个人或企业提供适当的信用。同时，工程师也需要为客户提供真实的建议，而不是误导客户去实现他们的个人目标，因为这会降低利益相关者之间的信任。工程师们的实践和遵守道德规范导致了公共福利的提升，因为他们为该地区的基础设施发展做出了重大贡献(Kirkman, 2017)。

Engineers should communicate the truthful information to the stakeholders and should act as a faithful agent and trustees to an employer or client (Borenstein & Arkin, 2016). Engineers are required to ensure that they should not indulge in the fraudulent activities as it may result in incurrence of the loss to the other party in the form of monetary and non-monetary terms. Engineers should provide services to its clients by ensuring fairness, honesty, equity and impartiality in the work for the purpose of protection of safety, welfare and health of the public. It is the duty of the engineers to perform only those activities in which they are competent. Engineers need to take or carry on the assignments when they attain a professional qualification. Engineers should maintain the confidentiality and privacy of the information provided by the customers and should not disclose it until the consent is taken from them. Engineers should grab the employment opportunity without exhibiting criticism for other engineers and does not present the practice of other engineers in a false manner (Burgess, 2017).

Impact of engineering ethics at workplace

Engineers should adhere with the ethical practices as it helps in prevention of the conflict that occurs among the employees in the organization. Besides this, it also emphasizes on giving importance to the interest of the organization as a whole rather than on individual goals. This helps in improving the overall performance of the companies and results in building trust among the stakeholders of the company towards it. It is necessary for the engineers to carry out those activities in a truthful manner that provides greatest goods to the recipient. If engineers perform their duties in a truthful manner, then it may result in improving the brand image of the company and the customers are attracted towards such organizations and ready to pay premium prices as it creates value for them (Kirkman, 2017).

Besides this, engineers should provide proper credit to the person or business whose services are being used to fulfill the requirements of its customers in an effective manner. It is also a requirement of the engineers to provide true advice to the customers and does not mislead them for fulfilling their individual goal as it results in lowering of the trust among the stakeholders towards it. The practice and adherence of the ethics by the engineers results in the upliftment of the public welfare as they contribute in the significant manner towards the infrastructure development in the region (Kirkman, 2017).

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英国代写论文：网络分析技术和可视化

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英国代写论文：网络分析技术和可视化。社会图或网络图被用来可视化网络，以理解其结构特征这项工作的目的是对基于美国的沃尔格林进行网络分析，从一个具有代表性的数据集和代表一个关键的数据分析，绘制从实际的网络图绘制使用净绘制得到的见解。对该公司进行了国际化和创新分析。利用网络分析技术和可视化技术来描述沃尔格林的母子网络。Borgatti(2002)使用Netdraw进行的组织网络分析通过信息流图表突出了沃尔格林的内部工作。接下来英国代写论文将为同学们讲解下网络分析技术和可视化。

利用网络分析技术和可视化技术来描述沃尔格林的母子网络。Borgatti(2002)使用Netdraw进行的组织网络分析通过信息流图表突出了沃尔格林的内部工作。在Netdraw中绘制的信息流和战略互连模式更有意义。在使用软件时，可以从单个节点、团队、组织等进行不同层次的分析。确定了不同的联系和信任级别。通常情况下，不同类型的关系被识别为Netdraw，如人对人，组织对组织等，在1模式级别。在双模式数据层中，人员到组织的关系可以得到更好的理解。

由等级所确定的正式组织只揭示了许多战略要素的信息，如沟通、创新等(Allen, James和Gamlen, 2007)。然而，除了一个正式的组织，它还存在一个非正式的组织，其中非正式的关系是通过从个人收集的数据来呈现的，这种社会网络确定了对组织更丰富的理解。对分析来说重要的网络度量是密度、凝聚力和距离。密度是指网络中两点之间连通性的测量。凝聚力和距离是两个人之间的网络中可以追踪到的纽带的平均数量。集群连接带来了更多的机会。研究人员提出了机会连接这个术语，指的是在组织网络中产生的知识机会，它可以提高组织的创新能力。现在为了计算Walgreens的网络测度，有必要选择主成分聚类。通常在较大的星团周围会形成独立的小星团。然而，这是附属网络的父网络，但它们都只是一个单一的大集群的一部分。这有助于沃尔格林对其子公司有更严格的控制。这是意料之中的，因为沃尔格林是一家制药公司，创新必须严格遵守母公司总部认可的许多规章制度。

Sociograms or network diagrams are made use of to visualize networks in order to understand its structural characteristics (Freeman, 2000; Scott, 2017). The purpose of this work is to conduct a network analysis of Walgreens based out of the United States from a representative data set and represent a critical analysis of data, drawing insights gained from actual network diagram mapping done using net draw. Internationalization and innovation analysis has been presented for the company.

Network analysis techniques and visualizations have been made use of to describe parent-subsidiary network of Walgreens. Organizational network analysis using Netdraw by Borgatti (2002) highlighted the inner working of Walgreens by means of graphing of information flow. Patterns of information flow and strategic interconnections make more sense when mapped in Netdraw. In using the software, different levels of analysis from individual nodes, teams, organizations etc. was possible. Different ties and trust levels were identified. Usually varied types of relationships were identified with Netdraw such as people to people, organization to organization etc., at the 1-mode level. In 2-mode data levels, people to organizational relationships can be understood better.

The formal organization as identified by hierarchies reveals only so much information on many strategic elements like communication, innovation etc. (Allen, James and Gamlen, 2007). However, in addition to a formal organization, it lies an informal organization where informal relationship are presented by means of data collected from individuals, and this social network identified much more richness in understanding of the organization. The measures of network important for analysis are density, cohesion and distance. Density refers to the measurement of the connectedness between two points of the network. The cohesion and distance are the average number of ties that can be traced in the network between two people. Cluster connectedness introduces more opportunities. Researchers present this term called opportunity connectedness referring to the knowledge opportunities that are generated from within an organizational network which would improve the innovation capabilities of the organization. Now in order to calculate measures of the network for Walgreens, it is necessary to select the main component cluster. Usually small independent clusters will be formed around larger ones. However, this is a parent to subsidiary network, but all of them are part of only one single large cluster. This helps Walgreen have more strict control over its subsidiaries. This is expected as Walgreens is a Pharmaceutical company, and innovations have to strictly conform to the many rules and regulations as recognized by the Parent Headquarters.

以上内容就是英国代写论文为同学们讲解的网络分析技术和可视化。若要问英国代写论文哪家更专业正规?代写推荐选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务公司。其服务公司拥有专业的英文论文创作团队，保障论文创作质量，并使用真实来源的文献资料，并以正确的引用方式来使用这些文献资料。此外，还提供合理透明化的论文代写价格，并杜绝一切抄袭或剽窃的行为。留学生们可以放心的选择英国论文代写Advancedthesis服务公司，不用再顾虑任何问题!